The Universality of Human Rights free essay sample

A conversation on global usage of human rights. This paper examines the possibility of universal human rights laws and its usage by different countries. The creator contends that execution of such laws rely upon countries intentional assent. To contend that human rights are all inclusive is, definitely, to end up met by the counterargument that culture is incomparable, that any endeavor to make all people groups on the planet follow a solitary arrangement of conduct measures is to compel them to receive Western, colonialist, disparaging norms. Social exceptionists, to utilize Franks (2001) express guard the privilege of each state to set standards for itself. The desire to remain upon indigenous rights and neighborhood custom is justifiable, particularly in a period of globalization, wherein organizations appear to have gotten more remarkable than governments.

Power Relations In Diego Velazquezs Las Meninas English Literature Essay

Force Relations In Diego Velazquezs Las Meninas English Literature Essay The creator of the composition Las Meninas (1656), Diego Velã ¡zquez (1599-1660) worked at the court of Philip IV, along these lines at the focal point of the brought together force structure of one of the first country conditions of Early Modern Europe. Las Meninas has been contended both in Velã ¡zquez time and in our own to be his showstopper. My motivation in this exposition is to contend for an understanding of this artistic creation and its forming by an investigation of intensity relations instead of by perspectival contemplations. My enthusiasm for the current exposition will be to investigate Las Meninas inside the point of view of intensity relations, with an end goal to give an elective perusing to the writing dependent on the specialized parts of the work of art. A ton has been composed with respect to the distant lack of clarity that the artistic creation Las Meninas seals, in any case, there is an inquiry that we should recognize in nearness of the visual multifaceted design of the work of art, what in fact did Velã ¡zquez paint? I am not hoping to give the last response to this inquiry in this article. Notwithstanding, I accept that by examining Las Meninas inside the viewpoint of intensity relations, I can add to the grant on Velã ¡zquez and give a methodology that can likewise add to the appropriate respons e of this inquiry. Las Meninas (fig. 1) (Spanish for The Maids of Honor) is an oil on canvas painting with 318 cm ÃÆ'-276 cm. The setting is a huge room and it has for some time been muddled whether the inside spoke to in the artwork is genuine or fanciful. F. J. Sã ¡nchez Cantã ³n recognized the room by the works of art in it as the fundamental office of a condo in the Alcã ¡zar of Madrid that had been involved by Prince Baltazar Carlos before its task to Velà ¡zquez. [2] However, F. Iã ±iguez Almech couldn't, while examining the seventeenth-century plans of Alcã ¡zar, to recognize any room that would compare to the one in the work of art, being conceivable that Velã ¡zquez didn't portray any real room.â [3]â Fig. 1. Diego Velã ¡zquez, Las Meninas, 1656, Museu Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Accessible from: Museu Nacional del Prado Galerã ­a On-Line (got to 29 March 2010). The artistic creation presents a sythesis circulated in efficient spatial structure that gives to the delineated room a vibe of authenticity, nearness and profundity, being the arrangement concentric, with the Infanta Margarita Marã ­a de Austria as its central point. [4] The profundity of the artwork is emphasizd by the casings on the divider on the right, by the canvas on the left and by the two void crystal fixtures on the roof. Furthermore, the composition joins careful hues, giving congruity to the work of art (white, dark and dark of the clothing types with subtleties in red, beige of the canvas, and again tones of dark and dim in the non-lit up portions of the room).â [5]â On the privilege of the room, one has a slanted perspective on the divider with gaps which appear to be windows that let light into the room. On the left, the perspective on the room is cut by a huge canvas seen from the back. The painter himself, Diego Velã ¡zquez, is depicted before this canvas with a paintbrush on his hand, who appears to have quite recently quit chipping away at the canvas for a second so as to look out his models. Velã ¡zquez was fifty-seven years of age when he painted Las Meninas and portrayed himself in it, yet without wrinkles, white hair, or some other sign that could demonstrate his genuine age. The canvas Velã ¡zquez is taking a shot at isn't obvious to the watcher. Pretty much to the focal point of the canvas stands a young lady distinguished as the Infanta of Spain, Doã ±a Margarita Marã ­a de Austria, who likewise looks out in the way of a representation, and around who different figures float . . . like planets of an unpredictable, unobtrusively requested framework, and mirror her light. [6] She is encircled on the two sides by two young ladies specialists (the meninas of the title), being the one on the left (Doã ±a Marã ­a Agustina Sarmiento de Sotomayor) bowing at the feet of the Infanta and offering her a bã ºcaro in a plate, while the other on the right (Doã ±a Isabel de Velasco) slants a piece to the Infanta and turns her look outwards the canvas. To one side of this gathering, toward the side of the canvas, stand two dwarves of mutilated appearance, likewise court orderlies. The lady named Marã ­a Barbola looks outwards, while the diminutive person who steps on the canine is Nicolasico Pertusato. On an increasingly removed arrangement is Doã ±a Marcela de Ulloa, woman of respect, who turns her head to address a man (escort for women of the court), who remains close to her and looks outwards. Some separation behind them is the back mass of the room, which has an entryway where stands Don Josã © Nieto Velã ¡zquez, Aposentador of the Queen, likewise looking outwards. To one side of Josã © Nieto, the King Philip IV and the Queen Marã ­a Ana de Austria are reflected in a mirror. A portion of the figures in the composition present little issue of ID, in particular Velã ¡zquez and the Infanta; the others are more subtle. This distinguishing proof of the figures in the work of art depends on Velã ¡zquez soonest biographer, Antonio Palomino, who named the figures in Las Meninas based on the known populace of the court in Book III of his Museu Pictã ³rico y Escala Ãptica, which was first distributed in 1724. [7] Palomino additionally recognizes the two artworks in the upper piece of the back divider with the then present illustrious property: Minerva Punishing Arachne and Apollos Victory over Marsyas, both initially by Peter Paul Rubens.â [8]â The Infanta possesses the focal point of the visual center, along with the King and Queens reflection on the mirror and the painter. The prevalent portion of the work of art is busy with lights and spots of light that enter trough the openings on the correct divider; there are shadows covering the back predominant piece of the divider. The scene is taken from an edge that closes itself justified with an opening in the divider. In the left, in another corner to corner plan, the artistic creation that is being painted by Velã ¡zquez leaves the figures in second arrangement and cuts at a slant the space. In the back, the mirror and the entryway make reference to obscure spaces, which along with the spatial setup of the depicted room open the work of art to the outside and pulls the watcher to within the structure. As Madlyn Millner Kahr calls attention to, the mirror in the artistic creation contributes its own uncommon image of enchantment. In Las Meninas it guides the spectators focu s toward occasions going on outside the image (the nearness of the regal couple), which thusly brings the onlooker inside the image area.â [9]â On her article Velã ¡zquez and Las Meninas, Kahr separates the cast of characters with a wide scope of ages and physical sorts into various groups. [10] One of these gatherings is the pooch, the diminutive person and the female smaller person. As per Kahr, these three characters structure a gathering separated because of their situation in space and their compositional unity. [11] The focal gathering, as Kahr contends, remains behind them, being comprised by the Infanta and the two meninas. The painter, Doã ±a Marcela de Ulloa and the guardadamas structures another gathering; and the last gathering is made by the Aposentador out of the Queen remaining in the steps and by King Philip IV and Queen Marã ­a Ana considered the mirror. [12] Thus, Kahr partitions the characters in gatherings of three. This division gives solidarity, soundness and structure to the work of art, and by setting the gathering of the Infanta and the two meninas as the focal one, Kahrs bunch divisio n agrees with Palominos thought that the artistic creation is a representation of the Infanta. [13] The light that goes into the room by the correct side divider openings principally enlightens the Infanta, Doã ±a Maria Agustina Sarmiento and halfway the other menina, that are featured corresponding to the obscurity behind them, fortifying the origination that Las Meninas is a picture of the Infanta of Spain. Carl Justi additionally depicted Las Meninas as a picture of the Infanta Margarita as the focal point of an intermittent scene of the royal residence life.â [14]â Joel Snyder concurs that thinking about the artistic creation as the representation of the Infanta Margarita, as Palomino and Carl Justi do, is a development in the right heading, yet it neglects to clarify the nearness of the various figures in it that vie for our attention. [15] Jonathan Brown expresses that the subject of the work of art is nobody specifically, however that the canvas is a case for the respectability of Velã ¡zquezs art. [16] However, Snyder brings up: To recommend that Las Meninas is an exhibit of the honorability of painting and of its appropriate spot in the aesthetic sciences, as Jonathan Brown does, is to find the enthusiasm of the artistic creation in the states of its start and in the methods utilized to deliver the showing. This is most likely fascinating and, if right, uncovering; be that as it may, once more, it doesn't carry us to terms with the subject of the artistic creation with what the work of art is tout ensemble.â [17]â Initially, the tout group of the artwork might be investigated independently (considering the force relations between each figure in the canvas), so as to then distinguish the subject of the work of art. In moving toward this issue, one ought to concur that one can recognize the nearness of the brought together force in the artwork Las Meninas. The force in this canvas might be perceived in a few viewpoints. There is in the painting two unmistakable social gatherings: the average workers and the one that appreciates the work of the individuals who work. From one viewpoint, we have the painter, the servants, the woman of respect, the escort for women of the court, the Aposentador of the Queen, and the diminutive people spoke to; while, then again, we have the privileged spoken to in the Infanta that involves the focal point of the work of art and King Philip IV and Queen Marã ­a Ana de Austri

some warmth on a cold decisiony day

some warmth on a cold decisiony day As Im sure those of you to whom this post is relevant will not need to be reminded, it is that time of year: the time when tensions run high, decisions are coming soon, and everyone is hella stressed. (In case you missed it, which Im pretty sure you didnt, MIT EA comes out this Saturday at 12.15 pm.) Last year, this was me and funnily enough, although the beginning of this semester feels like a blurry, faded memory from years ago, I remember the week of EA decisions01 Note: it wasnt MIT I was waiting on... but thats a story for another time. vividly, as though its only been a month. I knew I would be nervous when the time came, because who wouldnt be? My usual defense in this kind of situation (aka any kind of situation) is to make lots of plans, so I had em ready in spades: I imagined, as realistically as I could, how it would feel to be rejected so that the emotion wouldnt come as a shock. I told my parents that I wanted to open my decision alone so we could get the argument out of the way in advance. I googled for various rejection letters so that I would be able to recognize mine immediately and wouldnt have to keep reading as my stomach sank. I decided on a restaurant to go to (a fancy,  really  good dessert place), which would be a consolation or a celebration as needed. I thought all these plans would be enough,02 BTW, if you think this is kind of extra, ask Elissa what she did before her decision! and they were, for the day of. I felt way less stressed than I thought and the whole thing went off really smoothly. BUT: I hadnt thought at all about how I would feel in the days leading up to the decision. And dear reader, I was super rekt. Consciously, I was dealing with it: I tried to occupy my attention with other things, like all the extracurriculars Id overcommitted to, and tell myself that everything would be fine (which was true). But subconsciously, nothing helped. I just felt awful and I felt sabotaged by my body, which refused to obey my mind. The day before decisions came out, I had a full day of school; afterwards, I had planned to split my time between two extracurriculars. On my way to the first one, I realized I just couldnt do it. I didnt want to do anything; I wanted to crawl into a hole and never emerge. I flagged down one of my co-presidents, told them I was feeling sick, and headed to my other extracurricular, where I proceeded to sit on the ground for an hour and then go home. At home, the first thing I did was collapse on my couch and burrow under two blankets. I had a lot of work to do that night, according to my to-do list, but I didnt manage to do any of it. Instead, my mom came and sat next to me, and we did New York Times crosswords from under my blanket heap. I survived that night, and the ton of missed work I had to deal with afterwards, but man, it really sucked. My mom helped,03 shoutout to my parents, the real heroes of any story Im in the blankets helped, and the crosswords helped but ultimately what I needed was to just cut myself some slack. I could have forced myself to go to both extracurriculars and pretend I felt great, but I probably wouldve felt even worse by the time I got home. Some days, you just cant do it, and its not a negative reflection on you that you cant always be running at 100%. Some days, you need two or three or five blankets and to lie on the couch for eight hours, and while thats not a great plan for every day, it can be incredibly rejuvenating when used correctly. In fact, this seems to be the answer to many more things in life than I would have expected: in your first semester of college and cant figure out why you keep forgetting things you never did in high school, like turning in psets? Cut yourself some slack (and if you send a polite and apologetic email to your professor, they probably will too). In your not-first semester and tired of 17-hour days? Cut yourself some slack and drop a class (three cheers for Afeefah for being able to make the leap!) This can be super hard like,  super  hard, which is maybe why I was so overcommitted for that rough senior year. For driven people, for perfectionists, for those who like to keep themselves busy,04 Not to @ literally every MIT student it rankles to have to take time off when you feel like you shouldnt need to. But Ive been learning there are some things you cant fight, like the fact that there are only 24 hours in the day and that sometimes, your body will tell you  were done now, and you will have to listen. I have very vivid bad memories from that week exactly one year ago, but I also have good ones and theyre not of my decision, but of the time I got to spend with my family. ((Brief tangent: at another schools CPW equivalent, I attended a panel with current freshmen as panellists. A prefrosh asked them to name one thing they wished theyd done more the summer before college. One guys answer, which lowkey brought tears to my eyes, was hugged my mother more. Its so true and now that I cant hug my parents every day, I wish Id stocked up before I left.)) In the end, I didnt end up going to that school, or even really liking it that much. My EA decision had no impact on my long-term future, despite how it affected my life that month. That doesnt mean that I shouldnt have felt the way I did, but it adds another level of perspective. I can no longer remember my senior year grades, what exactly was planned for the extracurriculars I didnt show up to that day, or even, sort of, why I thought I would fit well at that school. But I remember the good parts where I made myself happier, and thats all that Ill carry forward with me. To all of you: I have no doubt that you will get through this time to the fantastic senior spring on the other side, and beyond, to the future filled with awesome stuff and learning that is waiting for you no matter what. But for now, dont feel like you have to pretend that everything is just fine. Take time for yourself and the people you love, and for blankets or cocoa or whatever makes you feel warm inside. Youve made it this far, and that means really, it does it means you deserve it. 3 Note: it wasn't MIT I was waiting on... but that's a story for another time. back to text ? BTW, if you think this is kind of extra, ask Elissa what she did before her decision! back to text ? shoutout to my parents, the real heroes of any story I'm in back to text ? Not to @ literally every MIT student back to text ?

The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson - 1063 Words

â€Å"The Lottery†, an idiosyncrasy full of twisted hidden symbolisms and horror by Shirley Jackson. The symbolisms, the black box, the three legged stool and the stones used in the lottery, are a vivid reference to a sociological event where tradition outweighs moral rationalism. It’s a well written fictional illustration, yet fierce in its details and horror against a human agency where the long history of the tradition, The Lottery, morally crushes rationalism. The black box is a representative statue in the town’s conformity to a tradition which occurs yearly on the morning of June27th that has clouded the judgment, good practical moral standards from the adults all the way down to the future generations, the children. The box, a form of theology that can be related to the worldly tradition of civic, social and events driven by customs, beliefs or even laws where there is some form of formal or informal court system. â€Å"The lottery was conducted—a s were the square dances, the teen club, the Halloween program—by Mr. Summers, who had time and energy to devote to civic activities† (4). This form of the court system is powered by local officials, head village persons or religious officials. â€Å"There was the proper swearing-in of Mr. Summers by the postmaster, as the official of the lottery†¦ † (8). Mr. Summers being sworn-in to uphold the ritual of using the black box as a form of bible to uphold the community court definitely shows that the people of this village have been set inShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is u sually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Contemporary Issues On Public Management - 3046 Words

Comprehensive Exam in Public Administration id 2346 1 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Select one example or issue from the public sectors of a major public policy. Explore in essay how that current policy problem in government is relevant to and then undercuts the quality of public service and the operation of key regime values and political character traits In his book Theories of the Policy Process (2007) Paul Sabatier described the public policymaking process as follows: â€Å"problems are conceptualized and brought to government for solution; governmental institutions formulate alternatives and select policy solutions; and those solutions get implemented, evaluated, and revised† (p. 3). For the purpose of this essay the Social Security and its financial soundness problem will be considered. The alternative solutions to this problem will be reviewed. The range of services provided by the Social Security Administration will be reviewed with an emphasis on quality component of the public service delivery. The financial soundness of the Social Security system is an important issue which gets frequent attention from politicians, public servants, citizenry, and media. If the established system would fail financially at any point in the future, it will significantly undercut the quality of public service and undermine the trust of citizenry in the existence of the safety net within the country. It is important to understand the nature of the problems existing within theShow MoreRelatedEnvironments Of The Four Contemporary Management Approaches To Management834 Words   |  4 PagesThere are four known contemporary management approaches that include: sociotechnical theory, organizational behavior, quantitative management and systems theory. 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The Top Secret Truth on Dissertations Writing Uncovered

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Alcohol Use in Australia Problematic-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explore the literature on Problematic alcohol use in Australia. Answer: Alcohol consumption involves a noteworthy part in Australian culture and way of life. In 2014-15, 80.6% of Australians matured 18years and over had devoured liquor (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015). This has built a serious threat to the mental and physical health. In the essay an attempt will be made to explore the issue of alcohol misuse in Australia with statistical evidence, to identify the possible risk and protective factors, to discuss strategies of mental health promotion, negative consequences of alcohol misuse and with a mention to a specific program to discuss the responsibilities of the nurses in combating excessive alcohol use. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) has defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO 2001, p.1).It can be inferred from the definition that mental health and physical health are very closely related. Individual factors like daily life experiences, quality of social interaction, social structure, the cultural value all influence mental health (Lehtinen, Riikonen Lahtinen 1997; Lahtinen et al. 1999). The term determinant refers to the factors which either enhance or damages or threatens any condition. Determinants of health affect health status in either positive or negative way. Individual choice can go about as a standout amongst the most essential determinants of health. It includes smoking, intake of alcohol and other substances, choice of friend circle etc. The sense of subjective well-being is very much related to positive mental health. Mental health can affect every aspect of a human life. Mental health and well being are bi- directionally related. Mental health promotion is a is a sensible alternative within a public health approach over the life expectancy and crosswise over settings since it brings about improved mental health, alongside development of social and economic domain.(Albee Gulotta 1997; Durlak 1995; Price et al. 1992; Price et al. 1988; Hosman Llopis 1999; Hosman, Llopis Saxena 2004; Mrazek Haggerty 1994). In order to maintain positive mental health the conceivable hazard and defensive variables should be distinguished. Risk factors are those factors which make an individual more vulnerable toward developing an unhealthy behaviour such as personal characteristics, family condition, and environment of school or community. Protective factors are factors which can be addressed while dealing with pre existing risk factors and which can be considered as vital for coping strategies. Some of the common risk factors associated with alcohol consumption are: genetic predisposition to drinking (Boyd et al., 2005), history of physical and sexual abuse in childhood (Makhija, 2007 Langeland, 1998), Sensation seeking and impulsive personality types (Kuntsche et. al., 2006), early exposure of alcohol consumption behaviour among parents, grandparents and siblings (Hawkins et al., 1992) and peer pressure ( Borsari, 2004). The aim of prevention programs is to build the protective factors and to lessen the number of risk factors (Hawkins et al. 2002). It is found that early intervention strategies aimed at reduction of risk factors turned out to be more successful than later intervention strategies to change the life style of the individual toward a positive direction (Ialongo et al. 2001). Availability of alcohol / other drugs is another risk factor as people will get easy accessibility to drugs and alcohol (Hawkins et al., 1992). Some of the common protective factors are strong bonding among family members connectedness, positive parenting style, healthy school environment, connectedness with neighbors, supportive health care policies, positive individual qualities like confidence, positive associate etc. The components of family connectedness include affection, warmth, support the feeling of being understood and loved (Resnick, et al. 1997). Healthy school environment means fair treatment received from staffs and students, felling of safety. Connectedness in school can protect adolescents from health risks related to intake of including alcohol, drug (Society for Adolescent Medicine,2010) early sexual initiation.( Springer, 2001). Community protective factors include to the support and care received adults, other than family such as teachers , neighbors etc. Along with this a strong feeling of safety in the neighbourhood is also very important as a protective factor (Sampson, et al. (1997). Moreover local and state policies that maintain healthy norms in the society are also needed. (Eccle. Goodman ,2002). Protective individual factors include skills and competencies required for making correct choices, maintain healthy and positive relationship (Werner Smith,1992), good communicati on skills which enables one to communicate appropriately by keeping in mind the age, background and status of the people (Scales Leffert, 1999). Some of the other individual protective factors are, the ability to deal with conflict in a constructive way, empathy skills , the ability to maintain ones own position by resisting negative peer pressure etc. (Cohen Prinstein, 2006 , Burke, 2013). For promotion of mental health, information about the factors of mental health and mental health problems, socio economic status, gender, condition of daily life all are needed. In order to implement the strategies, for the sake of betterment of mental health those factors need to be identified, which are modifiable so that those can be used as the target factors in the intervention process. The contributory factors of mental health can be grouped into three elements: Individual factors , societal factors and cultural and political environment. Individual factors include the ability to manage conflict, gain from past understanding, the capacity to endure lifes uncertainty and unpredictability, the ability to regulate ones emotion and thought. Societal factors include quality of social bonding, opportunity to build secure relationship and strong emotional bonding with others, the benefit of having association with a person with whom a proper communication can take place etc. Environmental factors include adequate housing with safety at home and in the surrounding environment, right to equality in the field of education, work place, religion etc. In 1986 in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion WHO has specified five activity procedures that are recognized as the fundamental outline of health promotion strategy in numerous nations of the world. These are: To create healthy public policy, to develop individual abilities, formation of supportive environments , reorientation of health services and to strengthen group activities in the community One of the most effective strategies of health promotion is to apply Antonovskys Salutogenic approach that instead of breakdown, focuses on coping and instead of risk factors focuses on salutary factors. According to his view, coherence among the positive, neutral and negative consequences of stressors is vital for positive mental health. Optimism is a major component of coping strategy, specifically the ability to accept reality and belief o personal growth play dominant role for mental health (Scheier Carver 1992). In Australia alcohol consumption involves great concern. In 1996 Australia's rank was 20 th in the world on the premise of per capita alcohol consumption and the sum was 7.5 liters of total absolute alcohol consumption per capita every year (World Drink Patterns 1998). In 1998 the rate of consumption was 7.6 liters of absolute alcohol per capita every year (AIHW 1999). In the past few years the reports of various sources have reflected that the expanding extent of adolescents who consumes alcohol on consistent premise and the measure of alcohol consumption have made another record.(AIHW 2008; White and Hayman 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The young people of the age range 16 to 24 years are at high risk of alcohol intake related diseases and injury (AIHW 2006). The matter was in the headlines of Australian media also titled as teenage binge drinking and this has brought forth a great amount argument and debate regarding increasing legal age boundary of consumption of alcohol from 18 years to 21 years (Editor 2008; Toumbourou et al 2008). As per the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2015 the percentage of Australian aged 18 years and older was 80.6%. In 1998 The National Drug Strategy Household Survey found that 49% of the masses developed over 14 years fall the grouping of standard consumers (at least once a week)s and 32% of the popu lation fall under the class of incidental consumers (less than weekly). The rate of male drinkers (84%) was higher than that of the women (77%). According to the report of Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015 and National Health Survey 2014-2015, 17.4% of adults surpassed the National Health and Medical Research Council lifetime risk guideline and the consumption rate of 44.0% adults was more than four standard drinks at least once in the past year, which exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council single occasion risk guidelines. As alcohol can result in acute health problem and even long term harm, focus was given to the drinking pattern and also on rate of per capita consumption. The drinking pattern includes the time and place of drinking, the recurrence and attributes of substantial drinking events, characteristics of the person who drinks individually or the people who drink together, activities associated with drinking. In Australia the primary importance was not on primary health care rather it was on primary care. The word primary signifies entrance into health system. In the Bio-medical model, a common practice in the area of nursing and allied health. According to World Health Organizations (WHO) definition health promotion strategies capacitate people to be equipped with the abilities to have control over the determinants of health which will consequently results into improvement of health. (WHO, 1998). The three basic strategies of Health promotion are Advocacy i.e. to concentrate on making basic condition for health, empowering which aims at developing a way toward engaging individuals with the goal that they can accomplish their full wellbeing possibilities and mediating which refers to set up an association between various health related interests in the society. Some action plans are required to help the previously mentioned strategies. These are: To build healthy public policy, creation of supportive surroundings for improvement of health,to strengthen group activities in the community for health and to create individual abilities., re-orientation of health services.(Ottawa Charter,1986) From the action plans it is evident that health promotion concentrates not just on activities identified with reinforcing the individual aptitudes and abilities, however it likewise gives accentuation on activities which go for evolving social, ecological and economic conditions that have a great impact on individual and public health. According to Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions (2005) Primary care is the first contact in a given scene of ailment that leads to a choice with respect to a course of action to successfully deal with the health problem. Primary care regularly is given by a doctor yet essential care capacities are additionally given by medical attendants, especially by nurses. Australian nursing has set a good example of providing primary health care by considering health within the social culture of economy, political and environmental context. Like other health professionals, the nurses also provide health promotion, strategies for prevention assessment, care, treatment of illness and rehabilitation. In Australia, the vision of the nurses to provide a comprehensive primary health care strategy which encompasses the values and principals, like the care provided by the nurses should not be dominating rather it should be seen that the providers impose their values and wills. Primary health care is a kind of holistic approach which incorporates the body, mind, environment, culture and socio-economic status. It is based upon socially acceptable, practical and scientific method and technology. The main aim of selective primary healthcare is to minimize the rate of specific disease and the aim of comprehensive primary healthcare is improvement of overall health of the community. The strategies of selective primary healthcare includes concentrating on the remedial care with special consideration regarding prevention and promotion. The strategies of comprehensive primary health care include curative rehabilitation, prevention and promotion that look into the removal of root causes of diseases. The methods of curbing the habit of alcohol misuse must give focus on emotional wellbeing program along with mental health promotion, Identification and treatment of the underlined causes. The negative aftereffects of excessive alcohol use by adolescence are change of appetite, weight loss, eczema, headache, vomiting and disturbance in sleep (Zeigler et. al. , 2005).They may face car accident if they drive in an intoxicated condition(Bukstein, 1994). They are more likely to be vulnerable to brain damage and long lasting cognitive deficit due to excessive alcohol consumption (Zeigler et. al., 2005). Alcohol may increase feeling of depression and other mental health problem (Groves, Stanley Sher, 2007). Young people who consume more alcohol are expected to display aggressive behaviour. (Lange, 1998, Miller et al. , 2007) The responsibilities of the nurses by using the Ottawa Charter (Ottawa Charter,1986) as a framework are: To evaluate the health needs and provide fundamental information .The principal obligation of the nurses is to review the health needs of the individual and public at large and after that to give legitimate information, education and instruction which will help the general population to promote their health and practice self care at various periods of their life and to have the ability to cope with both intense and interminable wounds and disease. To adopt necessary health promotion strategies .Only imparting information will not help the people so it is the obligation of the nurses to attain specific competence and skill in health promotion so he/she can enact distinctive health promotion strategies which will then give assistance to individuals to fabricate the ability to control their own health and to settle on sound life decisions. To take part as an active member of inter-sectoral collaborations. In the primary health care system the contribution of the nurses is as partners, guides and collaborators because nurses contribute to health promotion to different inter linked sectors. The vision of the nurses is to provide a comprehensive primary health care in collaboration with the other departments. To spread awareness and handling multiple health determinants Nurses work in a variety of settings, so one of the greatest responsibilities of them is to bring issues to light of individuals about the nature of determinants of health and their changing pattern, the conceivable techniques to control them, and the nurse may likewise help individuals to conquer the obstacles to health promotion. To evaluate health promotion activities .In order to evaluate the validity of the health promotion strategies it is alluring for the nurse to incorporate evaluation strategies in the planning of health promotion activities. It will also help to modify the future activities according to the current trend of need. To collect new information along with comprehension on health promotion by research .In order to develop an evidence-based practice, a scientific data base is needed. The nurse can contribute significantly in this matter by taking part in conducting research and adding research findings to the existing information. To support the individual and community at political and social levels .Notwithstanding giving individual care, a nurse should remember the idea of social and community advancement, alterations of public and social policies related to the population at large So in conclusion it can be said that in Australian society, alcohol misuse is a typical issue of concern which can be addressed effectively inside a legitimate health promotion framework. Nurses assume a vital part in the health care system and the role of the nurses incorporates the best possible ramifications of the health promotion models and techniques for managing complex issues, for example, alcohol misuse. References Albee GW, Gullotta TP (1997). Primary prevention works. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. 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