Mass Media And Its Impact On Society - 1719 Words

In today’s world society believes that mass media plays a key role in shaping and communicating our culture. Mass Media is defined as a technological advancement of communication. People receive information about the world through mass media and it helps shape people’s beliefs, values, perception, and behavior. Mass media is a controversial topic among sociologists, many of them have differentiating opinions of how mass media is influencing people daily lives today. Through this research analysis we will explore the idea of mass media and the impact of functionalism theory, conflict theory, and interactionism theory on mass media. The influence it has on individuals’ view, society’s view, and approach to social changes in society. The functionalist view mass media as part of shaping society and how it plays a role of providing interpersonal and intrapersonal communication for individuals in society (Ferris, 2014, pg. 22). The arrival of mass media brought many advancements in communication today, where connecting with someone or getting the latest news will just be a click away. The problem is that mass media is govern by a few set of people at the top of the conglomerate. This displays that these people have the dominant control of influencing the majority of society to their benefit. Therefore, information and news in mass media are sometimes sway to a specific side. With these changes many start questioning the role mass media plays in society and if it is helping orShow MoreRelatedMass Media And Its Impact On Society935 Words   |  4 PagesOption two Mass media has evolved tremendously in the last century and even the last few years it has changed. Each type of mass media however functions differently in society. For example, one mass media platform is newspapers. Newspapers were the first mass news media, beginning in 1692 till 1920. When newspapers first started out, the government controlled the content that newspapers produced. This impacted significantly how this society shaped itself, and also what people thought. That quicklyRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesis mass media. Mass media is a means of communication that reach number of people in a short time. Mass media includes television, newspaper, magazine, radio and Internet (Nariman,2011) . It is a large pool of information from where every type of information can be extracted and is widening more and more. Mass media influences the society especially the younger generation and shape their opinions and decisions. The study of th e impacts of mass media requires a great understanding. Mass media haveRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1195 Words   |  5 Pagescommunications â€Å"produced at a single source [to be] transmitted to an infinitely large audience† (Fearing, F. 1954), the social impacts of communications via mass media have been a subject of intense research by political and social scientists. This literature review intends to examine the major theories and perspectives on mass media with regard to its impact on society, which existed throughout the 1950’s and 70’s. Special attention will be given to the subjects of human social development, distributionRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society928 Words   |  4 PagesConclusion Mass media has become easily accessible and has grown bigger than anyone could have imagined 20 years ago, for the invention of the internet, mass media is able to reach a bigger audience at an almost unbelievable rate. Many people depend on mass media as a source of information, taking the information at face value, perpetuating the information they received unto others. Whether the information be about politicians, world affairs, and or the police, we, as society, do believe what weRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media Introduction The evolution of mass media has changed remarkably over decades. Media has been a tool utilized to broadcast information and give entertainment to a broad audience for relatively some time. In many ways, the use of television has helped construct the overall understanding of society. What we visualize on television ultimately replicates the â€Å"realities of life†. The messages/images demonstrated on the air depict underlying customs sought out by society that are most reputableRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe modern societies which we presently inhabit are constituted by every day subjects who uphold the deeply imbedded systems of power and complacency through the deeply rooted acceptance of mass media. In the words of Guy Debord, â€Å"The spectacle is not a collection of images; rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by images†, where the spectacle is loosely defined as mass media. Debord is saying that mass media is more than just images and ways of communication, it’s howRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreThe Impact of Mass Media Advertising on Society Essay examples968 Words   |  4 Pagesas the good life, consumerism is essentially expected. Numerous billboards, posters, flyers and spam mail commercializing products on a daily basis could prove it. Cutting edge technology also allows advertisements be experienced through the use of mass medium and it is nearly impossible to escape the invasion of advertising. Continuous exposure to advertisements has indeed impacted numerous consumers, in which most of them are unaware to the sit uation and companies are taking advantage of this byRead MoreEssay about Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture1178 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short-Read MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This is

24 - Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin...

Received November 11, 2008 / Accepted December 12, 2008 J. Technol. Manag. Innov. 2008,Volume 3, Issue 3 Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin America Natural Resource – Implication and Future Challenges Tomas Gabriel Bas (1), Ernesto Amoros (2), Martin Kunc (3) Abstract The natural resources play a very important role in the economy of the Latin America countries, but follow the classical models of resource exploitation and scale do not add much more value to the products or services like other knowledge-based industries (biotechnology or IT). The cluster approach assembled around the pattern of innovation and entrepreneurship characteristics can help to improve these kinds of industries. Nevertheless, the†¦show more content†¦Critical to this transformation obviously is the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship, functioning within a cluster structure (Bas, 2006). This article is arranged by follow: First, we analyse the forms of innovation in Chile and Latin America for study the importance that acquire this figure in the generation of knowledge.The second point focus on entrepreneurship also in Chile and Latin America and their importance like a motor of the economy. Third, we looking the cluster structure in natural resource like a mode of join the concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship like a virtuous circle.The last point is concentrate on salmon industry in Chile, his evolution and structure, and the implications of innovation and entrepreneurship like an example of an eventual knowledge-based cluster. A process that takes an idea, or invention, links it to a market demand and turns it into a product, a technique or a service that is bought and sold can define innovation. Innovation also includes the improvement of an existing product or process and bringing it to market (Bonin and Desranleau, 1988). Innovation has critical dimensions relating to corporate management, evolution in trajectories over long periods and spatial location.The capacity to innovate of a country is determine by underlying capacities to produce and to apply knowledge.There are some indicators that measureShow MoreRelatedTrung Nguyen Coffee - Innovation4181 Words   |  17 Pages1213548 S 1213544 S 1213786 Module Tutor: Module Title: Ronald Ainsbury BUSINESS ENTERPRISE INNOVATION Submission Date: December 17 , 2012 Word Count: 3,050 words (excluding references) 1 INNOVATION REPORT: TRUNG NGUYEN COFFEE CONTENTS I- INTRODUCTON II- INNOVATION SUCCESS OF TRUNG NGUYEN 1- The story of a family business 2- Innovation success III- ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT 3 3 3 5 7 1- SPOTS Analysis 2- Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 3- Some possible solutions Read MoreUnited Airlines23407 Words   |  94 PagesStrategic Controls 10 1.14 Innovation and Entrepreneurship 11 SECTION 2: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY STRATEGIC ISSUES 12 Culture: 12 Market share: 12 Economy: 12 SECTION 3: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 13 3.1 External Environment 13 3.2 Internal Analysis 16 3.3 SWOT Analysis 18 3.4 Organizational Mission 18 3.5 Generic Strategy 19 3.6 Long-Term Objectives 20 3.7 Grand Strategies 21 3.8 Short-Term Objectives 22 3.9 Functional Tactics 24 3.10 Strategic ExecutionRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Sme with Respect to Tanzanian Environment9022 Words   |  37 Pageshas traditionally been considered to be essential for many services, figures less prominently. Most important in this regard is that financial capital has gone global. Nowadays, the financial centres of the world economy provide the possibility for 24 hour trading in all sorts of financial assets. The deregulation of other business services such as banking and insurance also offers new opportunities for the tradability of services. Hence, standardized business services have become available aroundRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Read MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesDrive Apt 09 ï‚ · Charlottesville, VA 22903 ï‚ · (434) 249-7645 ï‚ · AgrawalA11@darden.virginia.edu EDUCATION Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï‚ · GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï‚ · Member of Finance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (ComputerRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisherRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesenvironment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectations Social responsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change Strategic leadership Strategy in practice Public sector/not-for-proï ¬ t management Small business strategy ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€" Read MoreManaging the International Value Chain in the Automotive Industry60457 Words   |  242 Pagesfocus of value creation for Renault’s Logan 1. TheRenaultGroupasaleaderinthelow-costcarsector 2. TheconfigurationofvalueactivitiesfortheLogan 3. Thecompetitiveadvantagesofferedbyemergingmarkets 4 6 8 9 10 11 17 24 30 31 35 40 51 60 66 67 77 90 Speaking with Coimbatore K. Prahalad, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan â€Å"Wearemovingawayfromafirm-andproduct-centricviewofvaluetoanetworkcentricandco-createdviewofvalue.† FromRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesidentifying international competitive advantage 1.8 Value shop and the service value chain 1.9 Information business and the virtual value chain 1.10 Summary Case studies 1.1 Build-A-Bear Workshop (BBW): how to manage the global comeback? 1.2 Arcor: a Latin American confectionery player is globalizing its business 1.3 Video case study: Nivea Questions for discussion References 3 5 5 6 6 7 17 19 21 25 33 36 38 39 45 47 47 47 49 49 50 50 57 61 65 65 68 69 70 70 2 Initiation of internationalization Read MoreEssentials of Marketing: a Marketing Strategy Planning31506 Words   |  127 Pagesmajor shortcoming of competitor analysis is that it focuses on the weaknesses of competitors--but ignores their strengths.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    23.  The first step in a competitor analysis is to identify potential competitors.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    24.  Competitive barriers are conditions that make it difficult for a firm to compete in a market.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    25.  The Internet is a powerful way to get information about competitors.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    26.  The Internet is an important

Generation Of Innovations In Existing Business †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Generation Of Innovations In Existing Business. Answer: Generation of innovations in existing business scenario In the present business scenario, one of the key factors that should be considered by the business organizations in gaining competitive advantages in the market is the initiation of innovation in the business activities (Goffin Mitchell, 2016). The current medical service business scenario in Australia is having traditional approach in offering customer service (May, 2013). Thus, it will be huge opportunities for the new entrants in the market in offering more innovative approaches to the customers. Meditalk will be a new entrant in the market of providing online medical service to the customers. Description The core competitive advantage for Meditalk will be their innovative approach in providing customer service. The business activities of Meditalk will range from enabling the customers in having online appointments for their chosen doctors and medical institutions to let the customers in providing the facility of comparing the different service being offered by different medical institutions. Thus, customers will have the access of all the information related to the different medical institutions in Australia (Hu et al., 2012). Thus, upon comparing and determining the rating and reviews being given by the existing customers, the new customers will be able to choose the most effective options based on their requirement. Comparing to the traditional approach, this will be a unique and innovative approach by possessed by Meditalk. Components of the business model Sponsors In the initial stage, various investors will be approached for soft loans. They will be given presentation of the business potential in the market. Various investors investing in the start-ups will be given the first preference. Later on, once the business gets established in the market, it is expected that more investors will be interested in investing in Meditalk. However, in the daily business activities, more capital will be required at any point of time. In this case, business loan will be taken from the financial institutions. After few years of the operation, the possibility of issuing IPO in the market will be determined. It will help too raise capital from the market. Revenue streams In the initial stage, all the leading medical institutions will be approached in order to have their subscription in the portal of Meditalk. It will be done in free of cost. However, after few years of operation, once the traffic in the portal will achieve the highest peak and the clients will start to gain prospects from the portal, a specific fee will be charged in an annual basis. Moreover, with the increase in the web traffic in the portal, another opportunity will be emerged in terms of online advertising. Thus, offering space to the third party vendors in advertise their offering in the website of Meditalk will create more income opportunities for them. Key resources The key resources for Meditalk will be their employees. This is due to the reason that, the competitive advantages being possessed by the individual employees will be the key source of competitiveness for the organization. Moreover, the capitals involved in setting up the organization will also a key resource. Initiation of the technologies will also a key resource due to the reason that, it will help to offer effective service to the customers through their portals. Customer relationship Thecustomer relationship management will be involved in the organization to determine the current market requirement and to provide effective service to the existing customers. Existing customers will be given the chance of giving feedback to the service of Meditalk. Moreover, the communicating portal will involve two-way communication, which will help the organization in determining the customer requirement. Customer segments The primary customer segment will be the end customers. Customers looking for medical facilities will be the target segments. In addition, customers looking for appointment for any particular doctors will also be the customers. In terms of the B2B segments, the medical institutions will be the key customers for revenue generations. Key partners The key partners will be the medical institutions and the doctors who will be subscribed with Meditalk. Internal partners include employees, investors and the software providers. In the later stage, raising capital from the public will include the external shareholders also. Key activities The key activities of Meditalk include providing online medical service to the customers. They will also provide them in having appointment of their chosen doctors without being in queue. Moreover, the subscribers will have the chance to determine the market trend and the customer preference pattern by analyzing the customer behavior from the portal. Conclusion It can be concluded that by initiation of the innovative ideas being discussed in the above sections, Meditalk will have huge market opportunities in Australia. The success of this innovative idea will entirely change the existing business scenario in the market. Thus, there is a huge untapped market there for Meditalk to operate. References Goffin, K., Mitchell, R. (2016). Innovation Management: Effective Strategy and Implementation. Palgrave Macmillan. Hu, X., Bell, R. A., Kravitz, R. L., Orrange, S. (2012). The prepared patient: information seeking of online support group members before their medical appointments.Journal of health communication,17(8), 960-978. May, C. (2013). Agency and implementation: understanding the embedding of healthcare innovations in practice.Social Science Medicine,78, 26-33.

The Tiger Shark Essay Example For Students

The Tiger Shark Essay Joe BargerScience IIIDecember 10, 1999The Tiger sharks name derives from the distinctive dark bands that run from the top of its back down along its sides. The stripes are very evident in younger sharks because the stripes start to fade away as it ages, then turning a gray or brownish color. However, all of the Tiger sharks have an off-white ventral surface. The Tiger sharks scientific name, Galeocerdo cuvier, consists of its Genus, Galeocerdo, and Species, cuvier, names. The Tiger shark belongs to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Chondrichthyes, and Family Carcharhinidae. Tiger sharks can grow in size up to 20 feet (6m) and in weight 800 pounds. Some Tiger sharks have exceeded these measurements but the average is about 12ft. and 600lbs. We will write a custom essay on The Tiger Shark specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tiger sharks can be found worldwide in tropical waters and most temperate seas. They are most commonly found along the coast of South Africa, the Philippines, Australia, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and in the Caribbeans. The Tiger shark is quite flexible in tolerating different habitats. They inhabit both the surfaces of shorelines and deep, open waters (up to 500 miles away from shore and 150m deep). A few have been found in rivers and small lagoons. The Tiger shark is second to the Great White in being most feared by humans. They are very strong and fast. They use their powerful caudal fins to swim over 20mph. And they have an excellent sense of smell and keen eyesight. Their teeth are saw-edged, razor-sharp, and curved. Their teeth are located in rows and rotate into place as needed. They replace the broken or worn down teeth in both the lower and upper jaws. Most Tiger sharks swim in deep waters during the day and come to shore to feed during the night. The Tiger shark has earned the nickname the garbage can shark. They will take a bite out of anything and then sees if it likes it. Many shocking objects have been found in the stomachs of Tiger sharks including license plates, a baby goat, a suit of armor, a case of wine, and even a mans body from the chest to the knees. Once, a Tiger shark helped solve a murder for the police. A man was found dead in a river missing his right arm. The police thought he was murdered and dumped into the river. Weeks went by and the case wasnt solved yet until a fishermen discovered an arm in the stomach of a Tiger shark he caught in the same river. The arm matched the dead body and the case was solved. However, Tiger sharks mostly feed on fish, turtles, birds, and other sharks. They are solitary animals except during mating. They are ovoviviparous and their young are born after a gestation period of nine months. They are born live in litters of 10-82 pups. The newborn sharks are 20-30 inches long and completely independent. Tiger sharks migrate seasonally up to 1550 miles. A Tiger sharks life span is unknown but it is thought to be about 30 years. Works CitedFish: The Tiger Shark. http://worldkids.net/critters/fish/shark1.htmlTiger Shark Research Program. http://www2.Hawaii.edu/carlm /tigershark. html. Wimsby, Warren J. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1986 ed.

First Battle of the Marne in World War I

First Battle of the Marne in World War I The First Battle of the Marne was fought September 6-12, 1914, during World War I (1914-1918) and marked the limit of Germanys initial advance into France. Having implemented the Schlieffen Plan at the wars outset, German forces swung through Belgium and into France from north. Though pushing back French and British forces, a gap opened between two armies on the German right wing. Exploiting this, the Allies attacked into the gap and threatened to encircle the German First and Second Armies. This forced the Germans to halt their advance and retreat behind the Aisne River. Dubbed the Miracle of the Marne, the battle saved Paris, ended German hopes of a quick victory in the west, and touched off the Race to the Sea which would create the front that would largely hold for the next four years. Fast Facts: First Battle of the Marne Conflict: World War I (1914-1918)Dates: September 6-12, 1914Armies Commanders:GermanyChief of Staff Helmuth von Moltkeapprox. 1,485,000 men (August)AlliesGeneral Joseph JoffreField Marshal Sir John French1,071,000 menCasualties:Allies: France - 80,000 killed, 170,000 wounded, Britain - 1,700 killed, 11,300 woundedGermany: 67,700 killed, 182,300 wounded Background With the outbreak of World War I, Germany began implementation of the Schlieffen Plan. This called for the bulk of their forces to assemble in the west while only a small holding force remained in the east. The goal of the plan was to quickly defeat France before the Russians could fully mobilize their forces. With France defeated, Germany would be free to focus their attention to the east. Devised earlier, the plan was altered slightly in 1906 by Chief of the General Staff, Helmuth von Moltke, who weakened the critical right wing to reinforce Alsace, Lorraine, and the Eastern Front (Map). Chief of the German General Staff Helmuth von Moltke. With the outbreak of World War I, the Germans implemented the plan which called for violating the neutrality of Luxembourg and Belgium in order to strike France from the north (Map). Pushing through Belgium, the Germans were slowed by stubborn resistance which allowed the French and arriving British Expeditionary Force to form a defensive line. Driving south, the Germans inflicted defeats on the Allies along the Sambre at the Battles of Charleroi and Mons. Fighting a series of holding actions, French forces, led by commander-in-chief General Joseph Joffre, fell back to a new position behind the Marne with the goal of holding Paris. Angered by the French proclivity for retreating without informing him, the commander of the BEF, Field Marshal Sir John French, wished to pull the BEF back towards the coast but was convinced to stay at the front by War Secretary Horatio H. Kitchener. On the other side, the Schlieffen Plan continued to proceed, however, Moltke was increasingly losing control of his forces, most notably the key First and Second Armies. Marshal Joseph Joffre. Photograph Source: Public Domain Commanded by Generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bà ¼low respectively, these armies formed the extreme right wing of the German advance and were tasked with sweeping to the west of Paris to encircle Allied forces. Instead, seeking to immediately envelop the retreating French forces, Kluck and Bà ¼low wheeled their armies to the southeast to pass to the east of Paris. In doing so, they exposed the right flank of the German advance to attack. Becoming aware of this tactical error on September 3, Joffre began making plans for a counter-offensive the next day. Moving to Battle To aid this effort, Joffre was able to bring General Michel-Joseph Maunourys newly-formed Sixth Army into line northeast of Paris and to the west of the BEF. Using these two forces, he planned to attack on September 6. On September 5, Kluck learned of the approaching enemy and began to wheel his First Army west to meet the threat posed by Sixth Army. In the resulting Battle of the Ourcq, Klucks men were able to put the French on the defensive. While the fighting prevented the Sixth Army from attacking the next day, it did open a 30-mile gap between the First and Second German Armies (Map). Into the Gap Utilizing the new technology of aviation, Allied reconnaissance planes quickly spotted this gap and reported it to Joffre. Quickly moving to exploit the opportunity, Joffre ordered General Franchet dEspà ©reys French Fifth Army and the BEF into the gap. As these forces moved to isolate the German First Army, Kluck continued his attacks against Maunoury. Composed largely of reserve divisions, the Sixth Army came close to breaking but was reinforced by troops brought from Paris by taxicab on September 7. On September 8, the aggressive dEspà ©rey launched a large-scale attack on Bà ¼lows Second Army driving it back (Map). Field Marshal Sir John French. Photograph Source: Public Domain By the next day, both the German First and Second Armies were being threatened with encirclement and destruction. Told of the threat, Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown. Later that day, the first orders were issued for a retreat effectively negating the Schlieffen Plan. Recovering, Moltke directed his forces across the front to fall back to a defensive position behind the Aisne River. A wide river, he stipulated that the lines so reached will be fortified and defended. Between September 9 and 13, German forces broke off contact with the enemy and retreated north to this new line. Aftermath Allied casualties in the fighting numbered around 263,000, while the Germans incurred similar losses. In the wake of the battle, Moltke reportedly informed Kaiser Wilhelm II, Your Majesty, we have lost the war. For his failure, he was replaced as Chief of the General Staff on September 14 by Erich von Falkenhayn. A key strategic victory for the Allies, the First Battle of the Marne effectively ended German hopes for a quick victory in the west and condemned them to a costly two-front war. Reaching the Aisne, the Germans halted and occupied the high ground north of the river. Pursued by the British and French, they defeated Allied attacks against this new position. On September 14, it was clear that neither side would be able to dislodge the other and the armies began entrenching. At first, these were simple, shallow pits, but quickly they became deeper, more elaborate trenches. With the war stalled along the Aisne in Champagne, both armies began efforts to turn the others flank in the west. This resulted in a race north to the coast with each side seeking to turn the others flank. Neither was successful and, by the end of October, a solid line of trenches ran from the coast to the Swiss frontier.

The French Expression Comme il Faut

The French Expression Comme il Faut Expression: Comme il faut Pronunciation: [kuh meel fo] Meaning: properly, correctly, respectably Literal translation: as it must Register: normal Notes The French expression comme il faut comes from the impersonal verb falloir. Il faut means it is necessary, so comme il faut means as (it) is necessary or, more idiomatically, properly, respectably. Comme il faut can be used in reference to any sort of situation in which etiquette demands a certain type of behavior. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Habille-toi comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Dress properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Qui peut faire ce travail comme il faut  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Who can do this work correctly?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Des clients vont dà ®ner avec nous ce soir, alors conduisez-vous comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Clients are going to eat with us tonight, so behave/be on your best behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je ne sais pas rà ©pondre comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know how to respond properly, I dont know the right way to respond. It can even be used as an adjectival phrase:   Ã‚  Ã‚  des enfants trà ¨s comme il faut   Ã‚  Ã‚  well-behaved children Comme il faut can also be used in reference to things with a meaning more along the lines of as it should or like its supposed to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Mon ordinateur ne marche pas comme il faut.   Ã‚  Ã‚  My computer doesnt work/run like it should. When comme il faut is used in English, it tends to have a somewhat snobbish nuance that is not necessarily present in the original French expression.

Plant Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plant Psychology - Essay Example After all, they too have requirements for living as others, and if at all these requirements are not fulfilled, they will cease to survive. So there any proof of plants' behavior Plants do some amazing things; photosynthesis is outstanding work, and so is splitting water molecules. Plants can even communicate amongst each other by releasing chemicals into the air. These chemicals were 'unknown' to humans until we developed instruments sensitive enough to detect them. So, plants do not need to be endowed with superhuman attributes to be displaying psychology. Backster in 1968 claimed that all living cells are capable of "primary perception," a form of direct biological communication. He monitored the electrical resistance on the surface of one leaf on each of three philodendrons to see if they would respond at the moment of death of distant brine shrimp. The plants were monitored throughout these time periods. The procedure was totally automated, and the experimenter left the premises during the process of the experiment. The plant's responses were recorded on a strip chart recorder, which were later analyzed by three blind judges. There was a significantly greater amount of activity on the plants, showing they had 'felt; what had happened to other plants (Sargent, 1982). Simply because plants lack a nervous system, people never care to think over the fact that plants can also portray behavior.

Overview of the Development of Education in the UAE and the UK Essay

Overview of the Development of Education in the UAE and the UK - Essay Example Learning processes that use media and methodology have been found to benefit most from ICT use in education. Information Communication Technology is also useful in familirising learners with the installation and the use of IT equipment such as computers (Hsi, 2006). Furthermore, ICT is important for addressing technological ethical and social issues encountered in educational institutions (Bagley et al., 2010). Additionally, educational ICT instills multiple intelligences in learners by simulation, thus promoting learning by all senses (Andrews, 2004). This paper explores the educational ICT networking availability and circumstances in the UK and the UAE. For both countries, educational ICT is categorised as subject, tool/support for other subjects, administrative tool and as a medium for the exchange of knowledge and information (NAEYC, 2008). Educational ICT in the United Kingdom For a long time in the UK, ICT has not only been taught by individual schools as a subject but has also been part of the national curriculum. In fact, most UK students are free to study ICT at the GCSE level (Department of Education, 2011). Among the ICT initiatives that have promoted the growth of educational ICT networking in the UK was the Curriculum Online scheme which unfortunately closed in 2008 (Computer Aid International, 2009). The main purpose of this scheme was to accelerate the uptake of ICT in UK schools (Leask & Pachler, 1999). The agency mandated to oversee the development of educational ICT networking in the UK until April 2011 was Becta (Vanderlinde et al., 2010). In the execution of its mandate, Becta worked closely with the Joint Information Systems Committee to develop the necessary ICT strategies (Young, 2008). With the government cutting its spending on Becta, a major shake-up occurred in UK’s state schools’ ICT networking, with stakeholders giving divergent opinions on the future role and effects of ICT in the educational sector. As a result of th e spending cuts and the feeling that it had become redundant, Becta was abolished in April 2011 (Driscoll et al., 2011). Some stakeholders such as Bernadette Brooks of the Educational ICT Association asserted that the UK government lacked the emphasis that UK’s competitors laid on the need to invest on educational skills in its educational system. In fact, Brooks cited the policy statements of countries such as the United States, UAE and Hong Kong as those in which educational ICT has been identified as central for 21st century growth and development (Harlen &, James, 1996). Brooks also asserted that although it was a positive step for the government to promote ‘free’ schools and freedom for schools to invest in ICT, cutting funding and abolishing advisory agencies such as Becta created new types of challenges for the inclusion and growth of ICT in the education system. For example, it has been a big challenge to harness grants for ICT developments in UK schools since the abolition of Becta (Wray, 2005). Similarly, the abolition of the Building Schools for the Future programme has also considerably reduced the funds available for educational ICT (Fraline, 2011). Holding similar thoughts to Brooks is the National Association of Head Teachers which believes that the spending cuts impose long- and short-term limitations on UK schools’

Violeta Ramirez Essay Example for Free

Violeta Ramirez Essay â€Å"To many Americans, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez seems a Latin wild man. But to the millions of Venezuelans who adore him, he is the first leader who genuinely cares for the nations poor majority, a welcome departure from politicians who traditionally catered to the elite. I think God sent him. I think hes the reincarnation of Simon Bolivar. Hes with the poor, says Omaira Perez, 60, referring to the 19th century general who liberated Venezuela from Spanish rule. † (Lynch, 2007) Hugo Rafael Chavez was born in Venezuela’s western grassland region on July 28, 1954. Socialism, Latin American integration and anti imperialism are promoted by the president because he was also leading the Bolivarian Revolution. Neo-liberal globalization and U. S. foreign policy were the main critics of the president. His parents were schoolteacher which is not a lucrative profession by any mean in Venezuela. He was belong to a poor family besides this in Venezuela dark skinned dark skin people faces strong racial divisions and white skinned people are elite. When he was seventeen years old he enrolled at Venezuela â€Å"Academy of Military Sciences† and studied engineering. After completion of acidic career he joined military for several months. Chavez was immediately popular with his fellow students, he and his fellow students developed a left nationalist doctrine that they termed Bolivarianism inspired by his real hero Simon Bolivar, the father of Venezuelan independence and a figure of legendary dimensions. (Resources on Iran, n. d. ) He was also the part of the lectureship and was famous for his fiercy lecturing style and radical critique of Venezuelan government and society. With his natural charisma, he brings closer soldiers to his ideas, and built a network of supporters within the army. In 1983 he established MBR 200, the revolutionary Bolivarian movement (Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200), 1983 being the 200th anniversary of Simon Bolivars birth. (ISIS Report, n. d. ) â€Å"With oil profits booming and his popularity high, Chavez seems to be in step with many Venezuelans even as spooked investors rushed to sell off Venezuelan stocks in companies subject to his nationalization plans. Chavez called that a knee-jerk overreaction, and shares in Venezuelas leading telephone company rebounded as the congressional finance chief assured reporters Wednesday that the government will negotiate compensation to the affected companies. He also visited the tomb of Simon Bolivar, the South American independence hero and inspiration for his Bolivarian Revolution, and blew kisses to supporters tossing rose petals at his open car. Before flying to Nicaragua, the former paratroop commander also watched a military parade with Russian-made Sukhoi fighter jets thundering overhead. † (James, 2007) Simon Bolivar: Influent Al Person in Hugo Chavezs Life Major influence on Chavez came from Simon Bolivar, from where Bolivarian movement was developed. The memory of Simon Bolivar has yet kept alive in Venezuela, the revolution of 19th century which led the sub continent independence battle against Spain. Simon Bolivar was born in Spain and many of his followers were native of Venezuela. Nonetheless, Simon Bolivar remained to be a significant and founding myth for the Venezuela institute. Particularly, his arm forces helped him a lot to bind them together even though of political instability. Chavez when he was a school child during the periods of 1950’s and 1960’s in the school studied a lot Bolivar’s feats against the Spaniards. The defining event in his life came when in 1989 the economy was devastated by rising oil prices which led President Carlos Andres Perez to a serious of tough measures. As a result of rising oil prices, buses fares were increased which led to protests by poor people and the army was sent to suppress the protestors. Chavez belong that part of the group that was deployed and he was enraged when he listen the order shoot all the citizens who he believes had a legitimate grievances. This was the motivation which led to his army coup that he organized against the same president some three years later. (Amirpur, 2006) â€Å"Invoking Christ and Castro as his socialist models, President Hugo Chavez began his third term †¦ by declaring that socialism, not capitalism, is the only way forward for Venezuela and the world. † (James, 2007) MBR 200. Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 The MBR 200 was the social and political movement that Hugo Chavez founded in 1983. Chavez established MBR 200 setting as its political goals the realization of Bolivars ideals by means of a Bolivar resolution, which refers to a mass social and political movement in Venezuela aimed at eradication of corruption and emphasized on redistributive social justice and economic and political sovereignty. Some important points of Chavezs Bolivarianism are: †¢ Political participation of the masses by votes, referendum and councils †¢ Political and economic sovereignty †¢ Economic self – sufficiency †¢ Building in people nationality and patriotism †¢ Eradication of corruption †¢ Equal distribution of oil revenues of his land (Cordesman, 2005) 1992 Coup Chavez was working as a lieutenant colonel during his late 30s. In addition, he was also working as a committed left wing activist, mixing with left wing group outside the army and conspiring in the institution for the sake of coup d’etat. So, after an extended period of dissatisfaction and economic decline under the administration of President Perez, Chavez and his fellow conspirators launched a military coup in Feb 1992. Although the coup was not entirely successful Chavez came to national prominence due to a abruptly speech made shortly after his arrest, the Venezuelan government allowed him forty five second speech in order to tell his co-conspirators to lay down the arm. It was a mistake made on the government part and Chavez made the most of it. (Evans and Corsi, 2006) Chavez in Power When Chavez spent his 2 year life in Jail during the period of 1990s economy of Venezuela was went on to bear the huge burden of oil prices. Support for the two of main political parties decline in elections of 1994, Chavez found the population increasingly receptive to its critique of the two party models and its associated corruption. Chavez organized a new party called the â€Å"fifth republic movement† During 1996 97 his support gradually increased in polls and he scored a comfortable majority and took power in 1998, his first political office with 56 percent of votes. Resentment against the United States â€Å"One of the reasons that Chavez is so rhetorically antagonistic to the United States is that it plays very well in terms of his domestic support base at home. † (Lapper and Sweig, 2006) According to Richard lapper, the Latin American editor of Financial Times, Hugo Chavez â€Å"likes to present himself at the head of a kind of anti-Bush crusade. He likes to see himself as a crusader in that particular battle and likes to position himself at the head of that. † (Lapper and Sweig, 2006) â€Å"To be sure, President Chavez has legitimate reasons to lambaste the United States, which has tried to undermine him several times since he was first democratically elected in 1998. In October 2001, Washington requested that Mr. Chavez publicly retract criticism that he had made, in Venezuela, of the U. S. war in Afghanistan, well within his right as a sovereign leader. Carlos Romero, a political scientist at Central University in Venezuela and an expert in U. S. -Venezuelan relations, describes such U. S. hubris as a provocation, and a turning point in the deterioration of U. S. -Venezuelan relations. (Sreeharsha, 2006) Then the United States, despite its support of the Democratic Charter adopted at the 2001 Summit of Americas in Quebec, was quick to recognize the leaders of a coup in 2002 that quickly failed. The United States has provided opposition groups with millions of dollars of support in the name of democracy. Lately, the Bush administration has been keeping a low profile, Romero says, perhaps a disappointment to President Chavez. † (Sreeharsha, 2006) From Democracy towards a Totalitarian State â€Å"Violence has marked each step along Chavezs road to power. The former paratrooper first tried to seize control by a coup in 1992; he failed and instead spent two years in jail. He later tried democracy and was elected as an outsider by Venezuelans six years later. Chavezs opponents admit he is popular, especially among the poor. But being popular, they say, does not give the president the right to do whatever he wants. The police, military and armed thugs have been tools used freely by Chavez to hang on to power during a coup attempt and a national strike in 2002. (The Iron Fist of Hugo Chavez, 2005) There has been a continuous debate whether Chavez has released from corruption accusation or he himself damaged the country’s own foundation of democracy. Some believe that the Hugo Chavez have more power than any president should have. Chavezs new constitution has been seen as authoritarian. Although there are detailed sections involving human rights, but some believe that the power given to the highest branch of government can easily lead to human rights violations. The new constitution also allows the president to be in the office considerably, which some suggests leads to authoritarianism. Scholars also criticized the way Chavez gained power and his conduct afterwards. The motivation behind his recent constituent assembly has been seen as to settle the score with Venezuelans traditional opposition parties and remove them from all positions of influence. One scholar suggested that Chavez himself overthrown the government in 1992 as similar to the corruption of the traditional parties of Venezuela, which clutched power by the military inventions in 1945 and misbalanced Venezuela’s supreme court and congress. Now, buoyed by electoral victories and high oil prices, Chavez appears to be doing everything he can to snuff out democracy before the eyes of a nation and a world that does not seem to be paying much attention. Chavez has packed the Supreme Court and the army with his supporters, seized control of the countrys wealth and introduced a penal code that criminalizes dissent. Anyone who opposes him faces violence or prison. † (The Iron Fist of Hugo Chavez, 2005) â€Å"The Venezuelan leaders insistence on uniting numerous leftist parties into a single socialist bloc and eliminating the constitutions presidential term limits has opened the first fissures in his coalition. Annual inflation of more than 20% Latin Americas highest is undermining the economic gains of recent years and igniting doubts about Chavezs free spending. Recent nationalizations of two companies owned by U. S. firms further sours the business climate. † (Lynch, 2007) On the other way, some believe that the Chavez protected the democracy. In their point of views, since Chavez does not belong to any party, and he came from the grass roots and has seen all the hardships, therefore he is more capable to meet the interest of the Venezuelans. Some opponent of Chavez equates him with Fujiori but his comparison is not correct because unlike Fujimori Chavez has a self-governing foreign military, a revolutionary disclosure and he did not endorse huge privatization. Economic Policies â€Å"The changes are in keeping with pledges he made after his re-election last month to take a more radical turn toward socialism. His critics have voiced concern that he would use his sweeping victory to tighten his grip on power, following in the footsteps of Fidel Castro. Cuba, one of Chavezs closest allies in the region, nationalized major industries shortly after Castro came to power in 1959. Bolivias Evo Morales, another Chavez ally, moved to nationalize key sectors after taking office last year. † (Rueda, 2007) Venezuela is the 5th largest oil producer, which remains the key of Venezuelan economy. Chavez has gained a reputation as a price hawk in OPEC. At a meeting of OPEC in July 2006, Venezuela was the only country calling for lowered production to drive oil prices higher. Some critics say that under the President Chavez regime the output of Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) which is a state owned company, has been reduced by 25% and Venezuela cannot meets it current quota. However Forbes argues that the political and other influence have an effect on numbers. Nonetheless, Chavez has attempted to broaden Venezuelas customer base by getting into joint ventures with other developing countries including China, Brazil, Argentina and India. Although the record oil prices have meant more funding for the social and development plans, but it has also left the economy dependent on oil sector, private sector role has diminished. â€Å"As Venezuela embarked on another six years under Hugo Chavez, the president announced plans to nationalize power and telecom companies and make other bold changes that will concentrate more power in his hands. † (Rueda, 2007)

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Three Witches :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: The Three Witches William Shakespeare has been by far the world's most popular playwright for more than 350 years. His ingenious ability as a playwright has captivated audiences and will captivate audiences for years to come. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564. The specific date of his birth is not known but is celebrated on the feast of St. George, April 23. Little is known about his boyhood, but through examination it is thought that he collected a lot of his information from books and from daily observation of the world around him. During his life Shakespeare wrote many brilliant tragedies. He died on April 23, 1616, at the age of 52. One of these brilliant tragedies was Macbeth. It is thought to have been written between 1603 and 1606. Macbeth is considered the shortest of Shakespeare's tragedies, but not less powerful in its depiction of evil, greed, jealousy, and the madness these emotions bring to a person. (Shakespeare, pg. v) In any work of literature or drama there is usually foreshadowing. Foreshadow can be defined to be, "a sign of something to come: indicate or suggest beforehand; prefigure; presage." (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia) Playwrights use this technique to give the audience a sense of what is to come or what exactly is going to happen to a character. Foreshadowing can be easily detected or it cannot be noticed at all until the end of the play or story. In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the prophecies of the witches and thoughts of Macbeth himself to foreshadow within the play. And Macbeth himself detects them somewhat as does the audience. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the three witches as main sources foreshadowing. In the play they are conveyed as prophecies. The audience experiences a little of these prophecies almost immediately in the opening scene and act of the play. When they talk about meeting Macbeth they say they will greet him, "when the battle's lost and won." (Shakespeare, pg.1) And then they yell together, "fair is foul, and foul is fair."(Shakespeare, pg.1) These two examples foreshadow that some sort of evil will be coming and that there will also be a victory of sorts, but the audience doesn't know specifically what yet. These also suggest a great battle is to be fought against good and evil and the events that follow will unfold at a rapid pace. This foreshadowing can be detected by the audience because they can feel the emotion of doom and evil rising. The actual prophecies given by the witches occur in the third scene

Water Supply Project Brief

Contents Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Task†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 List of Abbreviations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 TASK2 1. 1Project Title4 1. 2Introduction4 1. 3Project Location Map5 1. Terms of Reference6 1. 4. 1Project Details6 1. 4. 2Reporting Structure6 1. 4. 3Personnel Duties7 1. 5Schematic Layout7 2. 1DELIVERABLES8 2. 1. 1Dam8 2. 1. 2Water Treatment Works9 2. 1. 3Elevated Steel Tank10 2. 1. 4Water Transmission10 2. 1. 5Metering11 3. 1Project Management Process12 3. 1. 1Initiating12 3. 1. 2Planning12 3. 1. 3Executing13 3. 1. 4Controlling14 3. 1. 5Closing14 List of references†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 List of AnnexureAnnexure 1 – Project Budget Annexure 2 – Work Breakdown Structure Annexure 3 – Project Network Diagram Annexure 4 – Project Gantt Chart Annexure 5 – Project Summary TASK You are a consultant of a firm that has won a tender to develop a turnkey water project in Kajiado County. Using necessary tools including Ms Project prepare a WBS, and do a schedule of project tasks, their resources and assume a tracking of the project progress. Hence do a status report in a PDF file. The completed work should not exceed 20. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS WBS- Work Breakdown StructureWARMA – Water Resource Management Authority NEMA – National Environmental Management Authority ToR – Terms of Reference GI – Galvanized Iron RCC – Reinforced Cement Concrete 1. 1Project Title Proposed Water Supply Project in Kajiado Town 1. 2Introduction A project is one-time, multitask job with a definite starting point, definite ending point, clearly defined scope of work, a budget and usually a temporary team. A project is therefore a series of activities which are meant to achieve particular goals or objectives using specifi ed resources and in a specified period of time.A turnkey project refers to a project that is built and handed over ready for use. The proposed water project in Kajiado County being a turnkey project will entail the consultant to take up construction from the initial stages of the project and hand it over when water has been connected to individual residents and/or users. Kajiado town lies at the intersection of the Nairobi – Kajiado road along the A 104 highway, and the railway line that serves Magadi Soda Company in Magadi. The town is situated 80 KM South of Nairobi. It is the administration centre for Kajiado County.Kajiado Town has a mean annual rainfall ranging from 450mm to 900mm. The major rivers found in Kajiado are among others Athi River, Ewaso Ngiro South River, Olekejuado River, Nool-Turesh River, Esokota River. The project involves construction of a dam along Olekejuado River, a water treatment plant, an elevated tank, a generator room, water transmission and dis tribution lines and water meter chambers. The presenter intends to use tools of Project Management Information Systems including MS Project 2010 software in achieving the implementation framework.The paper will be guided by Project Management processes of Initiating, Planning, Executing, Controlling and Closing to achieve set deliverables of the proposed project. 1. 3Project Location Map Figure1 – Map of Kajiado County 1. 4Terms of Reference This contractual document outlines the terms and conditions for the contracted project team. The process of initiating a project starts when the Client contacts the Contractor either with an already drawn ‘Terms of Reference' or with intent for a joint process in drawing the Terms of Reference. 1. 4. 1Project DetailsEmployerMinistry of Water and Irrigation Funding agencyGovernment of Kenya (Development Vote) EngineerGeneral Manager (Design & Construction) ConsultantsKiama Consortium Limited Contract No. MOWI/001/2011-2012 Contract A rea20 Square Kilometres Water Meters2000 Residents Contract Value (USD)USD 2,000,000 Capacity Required2,000,000 Litres/day ContractorPentacon Limited Award Date2 December 2012 Commencement Date1 January 2013 Completion Date4 October 2015 Project Duration2 Years 1. 4. 2Reporting Structure 1. 4. 3Personnel Duties The following will be the Key personnel for the project: Project Manager – Overall supervision of the project ?Financial Controller – Financial supervision ?Human Resource Officer – staff recruitment ?Procurement Officer – acquisition of resources (material) Monthly and Quarterly reports will be submitted to the client. The monthly report shall be submitted by the 5th of every month while quarterly report shall be submitted after every three months of the project duration. 1. 5Schematic Layout 2. 1DELIVERABLES Deliverables are the end results or outputs of undertaking a project. They may include reports, manuals, actual working systems or actual pr oducts.In this project deliverables include a dam, a water treatment plant, an elevated water tank, water distribution mains and water meters. 2. 1. 1 Dam ?Diversion of River The dam is designed to hold 10,000, 000 liters of water at its full capacity. The dimensions shall be 100m x 100m x 2m. During the construction of the dam, River Olkejuado will be temporarily blocked up stream and water diverted until the dam construction is completed. ?Intake Chamber The intake will be constructed and an allowance velocity of 0. 45m/s will be provided that will direct water to the pumping station. ?Spill WayThe spill way will allow water to overflow in case the dam fills up excessively. ?Embankment An embankment will also be constructed to safeguard the walls of the dam from failing. Reinforced Cement Concrete retaining wall works will be done as an embankment to safeguard and strengthen the dam walls. ?Pump House A pump house shall be constructed to provide for a stand by generator to cater f or 50% of the maximum pumping capacity and incase of power failure. It should also be noted that a generator can work for a maximum of 16 hours a day, therefore that should be considered in case of a total power failure in case of electrical faults. . 1. 2Water Treatment Works The assumption is, the water being harvested contains 50 – 50, 000 coli form count, a figure that requires water to undergo full treatment before consumption. ?Coagulation Tank This is the first tank, where water is chemically coagulated by adding alum and soda ash. The tank contains flocculation chambers. The water passes through baffles so that it can mix up well with the chemicals. ?Sedimentation Tank The sedimentation process will be aided by addition of alum in the coagulation tank. The baffles help the formation and in turn settle finer particles such as silt and colloids.The sedimentation tanks designed as upward hydraulic velocity and downward settling velocity enable sludge concentration. The d esign flow rate is proposed at 222m3/hr and the surface loading rate velocity is proposed at 1. 5m3/m2/hr. The allowed detention time is 3 – 4 hours. ?Rapid Sand Filter The proposed rapid gravity filters are back washed with air and water. The design flow rate is recommended at 222m3/hr and a filtration rate of 5m3/m2/hr. The storage time is about 10 – 20 minutes. ?Disinfection Tank pH correction will be done by adding soda ash.It could be due to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) or excess amount of alum was added into the water during the coagulation process. Disinfection of the water will be necessary to lower health risk and infection with water borne diseases. In that case, Calcium Hypochlorite will be added to the water as per the calculated quantity depending on the volume. ? Reinforced concrete storage tank After water has been successfully disinfected, it will be pumped to the storage tank and allowed for chemical reaction for about 30 minutes before it is pumped to the elevated water tank ready for distribution. . 1. 3Elevated Steel Tank The elevated water tank is dependent on the highest level in the region. This also allows for water flow by gravity therefore, there will savings of electricity and fuel cost that might have been used for pumping water. 2. 1. 4 Water Transmission ?Transmission Main Galvanized iron (GI) pipes of 250mm diameter are preferred since they withstand high water pressures. The pipe velocity is set at 2. 0 m/s and set at a depth n. e. 1000mm deep below the ground level. Reflux valves are allowed at a distance of 3-4 km spacing to ease repair and maintenance. ?Distribution MainThe minimum diameter of pipes recommended is 100mm diameter. uPVC pipes shall be used and the maximum 60m and minimum pressure of 10m. The pipe velocity is set at 06 – 1. 0 m/s, and service valves are set every 1km for ease of inspection, repair and maintenance. 2. 1. 5Metering Meters are installed in all 2000 houses or users to monitor water consumption. This will also helps in billing as per the actual amount of water consumed. The Meters will assist in curbing vandalism of water. 3. 1Project Management Process Project management is the process of initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing a project.The project goal is the desired outcome it should be short and simple yet clearly communicate scope, time frame and budget. To achieve the goal of supplying water to 2000 users in Kajiado county, the management process outlined above will be adhered to. 3. 1. 1 Initiating It involves recognizing that a project should begin and committing to do it. Feasibility concerning technical, financial, operational, legal, environmental and social aspects of the project shall be carried out. Using MS Project 2010 the project start and finish date were identified. Legal issues such as NEMA and WARMA licensing were identified and dealt with accordingly.Approval of the project by the County council was also sought. The start date was 1st January 2013 while the expected completion date is 4th October 2013. The budget for the project was also drawn; it is envisaged that the project will cost Ksh. 179,445,100 (USD 2,000,000) This is shown in annexure 1 of this paper. 3. 1. 2Planning Initially, the project scope was defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project were determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete the work were listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure; this is attached in annexure 2.The logical dependencies between tasks were defined using an activity network diagram as shown in annexture 3 that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated. Then the necessary resources were estimated and costs for each activity allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project schedule was optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between re source usage and project duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the project schedule became the baseline schedule.Progress will be measured against the baseline schedule throughout the life of the project. Planning Involves devising a workable scheme of a schedule of tasks and resources. In the planning process, the project activities were identified and entered in the Gantt Chart. Timelines for the activities were drawn and subdivisions identified, milestones were also noted. Restrictions and relationships of predecessor and successor activities were also considered. Resources were then assigned to the tasks identified. The Gantt chart is shown in annexure 4 of this paper. ?AssumptionsWhen planning for this project, a few assumptions were made. They include the following: i. Land for the development of the dam and excavation of trenches for pipes’ distribution is already procured by the Olkejuado County Council. ii. River Olkejuado is a temporary river and the dam is being excavated during the dry season. The river does not, therefor, need diversion but, only blocking. iii. The electrical work cater for all the structures iv. Each tank will have a booster pump. v. All hired machines and equipment comes fully with operators vi. The shilling is exchanging at the dollar rate of 90 Ksh. ii. The dollar sign in the budget represents Kenya Shillings. 3. 1. 3Executing This phase will involve carrying out the scheduled plan while coordinating the people and resources to achieve the project goal. It will also involve reporting on a monthly and quarterly basis as stated in the ToR. Reporting will involve progress, resource usage, achieved milestones and challenges encountered if any. Milestones and Critical Path are shown in annexure 5. Creating project records and presentations will also be done at this stage. Adherence to the drawn out plan will be key to achieve the desired results. henever necessary, changes will be reque sted and improvements recommended. 3. 1. 4Controlling It ensures that the project remains within the objectives, tracking performance and taking necessary corrective measures. During this phase, achieved progress is compared to the scheduled progress and any slippage is noted. Tracking for activities especially at the preliminary stage of the project has been assumed. The tracking Gantt Chart has been observed to give progress in percentage. Corrective measure suggested in case of slippage is crashing of the project activities.Crashing will involve identifying activities with float and slack times and interrogating the resource allocation and dependencies therein. (24 hour days in shifts) Though it may imply increase in project cost, it may be the only way to ensure timely finishing of the project. Ensuring timely procurement of materials and hiring of equipment whenever required is also key in controlling the project. Effects of weather changes will also need to be taken into consi deration. 3. 1. 5Closing It involves formalizing the acceptance of the project and bringing it to an orderly end.Users are trained and handover of the project is conducted together with necessary documentation which aid in support and maintenance in future. The project audit and commissioning has been scheduled for the last month of the project duration as indicated on the Gantt chart shown in annexure 4. This being a turnkey project, cut-off handover is proposed. List of References www. imestopedia. com/terms/r/risk. asp en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Risk breakdown – freecover. blogpost. com www. mastery-project-management. com/project closure,html Uher, T. (2003) Programming and Scheduling Techniques, UNSW Press, Sydney

Advertising has become a normal part of humanity Essay

Indeed, advertising has become a normal part of humanity lives in this era of globalization. Advertise clear plastered everywhere as newspapers, posters, giant billboards, and radio. This situation seems to show how strongly the influence of advertising in our lives. So the ads do bring positive influences and negative on human life in this world. Positive influence of advertising is advertising causes consumers have the option to purchase. Existence ads cause consumers to know how many similar products but different brands produced at this time. Users will use all available information in the ad to make their best choice. Advertise ensure that consumers purchase the best product based on their needs. See more: Foot Binding In China essay In addition, the ad could lead to a healthy competition between the producer of a product. If we look, producing a product that will try to produce the best ads according to their ability to attract buyers. This resulted in all parties are highlighting the advantages of their product over a competitor’s product. Clearly, the ad caused manufacturers ensure that their products meet quality as quoted in their ad’s. However, advertising also has its negative face. Advertisements often exploit women especially sexy women to promote sales of their products. In fact, there is a product that has nothing to do with women but uses a sexy female face for the ad. Use model handsome and well-built man who was exploited by advertising. This situation seems to give a false meaning of such use of this product will produce such faces or use of these products cause these women will be attracted to someone. Imagine the influence on our youth? Furthermore, the existence of the ad will cause prices to rise. The cost to produce an advertisement is very high because of the use of models, technology and experienced production crew. In fact, the advertisements in the mass media had to pay the cost of broadcasting time that is too expensive. This resulted in manufacturers will raise the prices of their products to make sure they can produce. Advertisements will also produce a group of users who are only concerned with the brand.consumers this type of advertising is obsessed with certain brands and only buy or use the product without thinking of the brand the pros and cons to them. Ads have resulted in a status-conscious consumer culture themselves in the eyes of society. Consumers want them highly regarded and respected when using a brand. In fact, the ad also led to consumers of goods they do not need. Their purchases solely on the basis of an interesting seeing ads. Ad serving has caused them to be interested and buy it even though it was not their need for a long period. This attitude is geared towards waste and purchases can cause users owe or financial difficulties. In conclusion, the ad has a dual role. One to tell and one to destroy. Perhaps consumers should be wise to make a rational assessment after seeing an advertisement. Users should not rush into buying after seeing the ad. Or maybe the ad should be banned.

Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example

Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example One of the effects of globalization is the advancement that has been realized in information technology. As a result, business organizations and firms have changed their approach to the markets. The performances of activities that direct the flow of goods and services from manufacturers to their customers have taken another course. The Internet revolution has provided a lot of information resources along with other services that were difficult to reach (Fenech O’Cass 2001, pp. 361-381). At the click of a mouse button, people can get access to the information they want on different topics and items. The Internet has played a major role in online marketing and shopping. Shopping online is a very common trend in the contemporary society and in modern times as it runs all through the day and during the night covering all types of products and services. Establishing the Motivation Factors to Purchase in the Online Shopping There are quite a number of factors that have facilitated online shopping experience. Along with the access to the international market arena, it provides a flexibility level that cannot be equated to a conventional shopping approach (Sorce, Perotti Widrick 2005, pp.122-132). The speed of doing business has also been revolutionized through online shopping. Such kind of motivations have enabled business organizations to establish the new methods of understanding the behavior of online shopping for the purposes of attracting and retaining customers. Due to this, a lot of research has been conducted concerning interactions on websites along with language, presentation, structure, accessibility, navigation, marketing and security factors. When customers are not in a position to navigate all over the website to get a product they need or not in a position to get secure transactions, they are uncertain to buy from the website or even consider repeating purchases. Despite the fast growth realized in online shopping and the ever increasing users of the Internet facilities, the factors that have contributed to decisions of online shopping are still not fully established. The factors of brand and quality, price and product image all contributed at different levels as vital elements in the decision being taken by customers when making online shopping. Additionally, online purchasing at present does not have tangible evaluative plan like a tactile input regarded as a crucial element while assessing various products. There is a proof in research that tactile input affects the evaluation of products particularly for the ones that need a lot more tactile input (Shang, Chen Shen 2005, pp. 401-413; Teo 2001, pp. 125–137). There is still more development needed to include tactile interaction which is as of now, in an immature state. This is believed to have a big influence in the manner in which online buyers make their decisions. Therefore, the current research will look into the factors that have motivated online shopping amongst customers in different settings. Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to explore the motivational factors to purchase in the online shopping and to effectively tackle this topic of study, this research will be governed by the following objectives: To define online shopping and related terms. To discuss the concept of online shopping and customer experience. To discuss the benefits and challenges of online shopping. To describe the current marketing development through online shopping. To identify customers’ perceptions and motivational factors on online shopping. Literature Review Engaging buyers in doing shopping online on websites needs the factors that would prompt them to do so. Online shopping has not been fully adopted by many people and is not yet fully exploited. A lot of studies have been involved in establishing the behaviors and attitudes held by customers in the recent past pointing at the factors that influence the decisions (Barkhi Wallace 2007, pp. 313-330; Bhatnagar, Misra and Rao 2000, pp. 98-105; Chiu, Lin Tang, 2005, pp. 416-435; Dholakia Uusitalo, 2002, pp. 459-469; Kim, Kim, Park 2010, pp. 1208-1222). The factors that motivate customers to make decisions of shopping online are still not yet established. Such factors considered to be influential: Internet experience, demographics, shopping orientation, personal traits, normative beliefs, psychological perception, online experience in shopping, and shopping motivation. Consumer behavior towards online shopping should be understood in order to establish an effective relationship between the retailer and the customer. Various concerns and values affecting purchase and search intentions of buyers and building an integrated model could help in explaining the reasons why customers buy items online. An integrated motivation model and factors of concern about online shopping has been established to test the cause and effect of the variables (Chang, Cheung Lai 2005, pp. 543-559). The intentions of the customers to search online and purchase from such platforms have not been without reasons. The intention to search directly influences the intentions of purchase. The utilitarian value of a product does not have a major impact on the intention of search although it does have a significant influence on the intention of shopping online. Security stemming out of concern factors has a big influence on both the purchase and search intentions. However, there is no influence for privacy (Citrin, Sprott, Silverman Stem 2000, pp. 294-300). The popularity of online shopping has mainly been facilitated through the technology advancement and particularly through the use of Internet (Chen Tan, 2004, pp. 74-86). Among the most common Internet activities, online shopping is one apart from emails and browsing the websites. The quick development of information and computer technologies all through consumer and business communities has led to drastic changes (Foucault Scheufele 2002, pp. 409-423; Joines, Scherer Scheufele 2003, pp. 90–108). Internet application for the behavior of purchasing is a significant change in the manner in which sellers and buyers interact. Online shopping is common among young people although the trend has been growing and almost including everybody with Internet knowledge and accessibility. Online shopping has significantly increased (Chiu, Lin Tang 2005, pp. 416-435). Additionally, it has generated a lot of interest amongst business researchers. The impact of the main motivating factors of Internet shopping on the intentions of the consumers has been a very important area of study. Others have included the concern and motivation factors towards shopping via Internet and the effects of hedonic and utilitarian online purchasing value on the intentions and preferences of consumers (Dholakia Uusitalo 2002, pp. 459-469). The willingness of consumers to use the online shopping has been largely attributed to security and privacy based on a model that is technologically acceptable (Huang Oppewal 2006, pp. 334-353). Therefore, the perceptions of security and privacy towards online shopping are highly important for all cons umers. Internet usage amongst the young age groups especially those below 34 has introduced potential buyers for shopping online in many parts of the world (Sorce, Perotti Widrick 2005, pp.122-132). The predisposition that many people belong to that specific age group makes it important to establish the intentions of buying online (Boyer and Hult 2006, p. 124-147). There has been a noteworthy potential for shopping online, however, information related to the concerns and motivation by the shoppers is not available. Explorations are being made in order to establish these concern and motivation factors to offer important information for those doing marketing via online platforms and again for further research (Kim, Kim Park 2010, pp. 1208–1222). Online shopping entirely defines the tendency of buying products or getting services through the Internet. There are different reasons why people go shopping. It is not only about getting the product, but also how and where to get it (Zhou, Dai Zhang 2007, pp. 41-62). These are what are generally called motivations of shopping. The concern factors of safety and security have hindered many potential online shoppers from using their cards and personal information since they have concerns that the information could be used for malicious purposes. Privacy and security are key factors for online shoppers before they can adopt electronic commerce (e-commerce). The ability to shop online is a very significant factor of concern before consumers can engage in online shopping so the experiences with Internet and the rate of purchases are directly related to the ability to shop online. The utilitarian motivation is task-linked, logical and pertinent to closely as to whether or not the product acquisition will be accomplished (To, Liao Lin 2007, pp. 774–787). Based on this perception, customers have concerns about buying products in a manner that is efficient and timely to achieve their objectives and goals without irritation (Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon 2001, pp. 39-56). Utilitarian value is thus an overall evaluation of the functional sacrifices and benefits. The value takes place when buyers get their products with using much effort. For online shopping, utilitarian value is categorized based on selection, cost saving, convenience, the absence of sociality and customized services or products and information availability (Teo Yu 2005, pp. 451-65). On the other side, hedonic value refers to the general evaluation of experiential sacrifices and benefits like escapism and entertainment (To, Liao Lin 2007, pp. 774–787). Customers normally take shopp ing as an activity more than just being a task that needs to be accomplished (Vijayasarathy 2004, pp. 747–762). The value of hedonic shopping is seen as entertainment offered through activities of shopping. Online shopping hedonic value is thus categorized as an exploration/adventure, value, social idea, and status and having authority. This study will use a mixed methods strategy that will involve qualitative and quantitative approaches (Axinn Pearce 2006, pp. 23-45). In a study of this kind, it is imperative to enhance the reliability and validity of data collected. The data needed for this study will match well with a mixed methods approach that will provide an opportunity to integrate the data between the different methods. This is indeed a good way of getting credibility and reliability concerning the data sourced from the respondents. The mixed methods approaches will assist in establishing the cause and the effect of the study topic. This is a social research for the reason that it is based on issues connected to human behavior. The credibility of social research is thus increased through a mixed methods approach (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). Through the use of this approach, replication of data will not be realized in the process of doing research. It will also eliminate non-sampling error through the use of various sources. It will therefore be easy to get rid of redundant information which is an important step in the data collection. Additionally, this approach will make it possible to capture data which would otherwise not be done with the use of one study approach. The process of collecting data is very useful in dealing with the weaknesses that may arise through a single-approach. This study will employ probability sampling to select the sample needed for this study from the target online population as probability sampling is the most thorough type of sampling in quantitative studies (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, pp. 43-67). This will be used for the quantitative approach. Moreover, it is important to make sure that customers shopping online are represented based on age, gender and geographical location. Therefore, stratified sampling will be used as an important aspect in attaining this. Industrial or Commercial Research Contacts Statistical techniques as applied in random sampling will be used to select from the participants from online social platforms like Facebook and from friends and relatives who will help in making referrals to get enough participants for the study. A total of 20 participants will be targeted in this study. This chosen sample will be given scaled interviews in the form of questionnaires that will help in collecting important data to make comparisons before conclusions are made. Data Collection Questionnaires will be structured in a way that the research questions included will elicit useful responses from the respondents. These questions will be factual, projective and based on opinion and attitude as well as easy to post and disseminate to the respondents directly (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). They are also easy to collect. Additionally, statistical tools will be utilized in the study process for the purposes of assessing the responses derived from the filled-in questionnaires. Ethical Considerations Making sure that respondents are aware of what the study entails will be a crucial step in collecting data (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, pp. 43-67). Therefore, the respondents will be advised on the nature that will be taken by the study, any possible risks and the benefits realized through their participation. The targeted participants will also have a right to reject a request made to them to take part in the study before they can sign the informed consent form required. All this information will be provided through writing to the targeted respondents. The nature of the study will not be taken lightly and therefore, matters will be kept confidential. This is believed to increase a lot more positive responses from the study and a high probability of participation by the respondents. This communication will also be made by writing to the esteemed participants. Survey forms will be coded in a numerical way and will not have any information linked to any individual participant. The forms pertinent to ethical considerations will be kept in safe place to be an evidence that the participants were not coerced into the study. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data collected As well as different mathematical and statistical tools will be applied. These tools are largely used to help in data representation, delineating how it correlates and in making informed conclusions concerning the topic. The effective data analysis will be ensured through data summarization and classification based on the inherent relationships (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). This way, the data will be transformed into forms that are clear like charts and graphs that will present an opportunity to make inferences, recommendations and informed conclusions. Qualitative analysis of the data will be conducted by taking the responses and getting familiar with them. Words capturing main concepts and ideas will be highlighted and assigned codes. These codes will be used as units of analysis. Codes that match will be combined in a number of categories where they fit and hence given labels to help in establishing the definitions for the categories and the themes. These categories will be grouped into different themes which will be constantly reviewed and compared to the issues that have been highlighted: online shopping, motivational factors and marketing outcomes. Limitations of the Study This research seeks to gather data by the way of using a standardized instrument of survey as one of its options in the mixed method approach. In such an analysis of data collected, the focus on online shopping has its own limitations;the online shopping theme is a subject that needs interpretation. There is a chance that some participants may cover up some important aspects of online shopping and exaggerate on some issues. This could therefore amount to a limited perspective on the topic under study especially concerning the motivational factors to online shopping. Again, a lot of time will be required to analyze the large volumes of the collected data especially through the qualitative section of the study.

The Night of Sorrows

The Night of Sorrows On the night of June 30 - July 1, 1520, the Spanish conquistadors occupying Tenochtitlan decided to escape from the city, as they had been under heavy attack for several days. The Spanish tried to escape under cover of darkness, but they were spotted by locals, who rallied the Mexica warriors to attack. Although some of the Spaniards escaped, including expedition leader Hernan Cortes, many were slain by the angry natives, and many of the golden treasures of Montezuma were lost. The Spanish referred to the escape as La Noche Triste, or the Night of Sorrows.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The Conquest of the Aztecs In 1519, conquistador Hernan Cortes landed near present-day Veracruz with about 600 men and began slowly making his way to the magnificent capital city of the Mexica (Aztec) Empire, Tenochtitlan. On his way into the Mexican heartland, Cortes learned that the Mexica controlled many vassal states, most of which were unhappy about the Mexicas tyrannical rule. Cortes also first defeated, then befriended the warlike Tlaxcalans, who would provide invaluable assistance in his conquest. On November 8, 1519, Cortes and his men entered Tenochtitlan. Before long, they took Emperor Montezuma captive, resulting in a tense stand-off with the remaining native leaders who wanted the Spaniards out. The Battle of Cempoala and the Toxcatl Massacre In early 1520, Cortes had a fairly firm hold on the city. Emperor Montezuma had proved a pliant captive and a combination of terror and indecision paralyzed other native leaders. In May, however, Cortes was forced to assemble as many soldiers as he could and leave Tenochtitlan. Governor Diego Velazquez of Cuba, wishing to reassert control over Cortes expedition, had sent a massive conquistador army under Panfilo de Narvaez to rein in Cortes. The two conquistador armies met at the Battle of Cempoala on May 28 and Cortes emerged victorious, adding Narvaez men to his own. Meanwhile, back in Tenochtitlan, Cortes had left his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado in charge of about 160 Spanish reserves. Hearing rumors that the Mexica planned to slaughter them at the Festival of Toxcatl, Alvarado decided on a pre-emptive strike. On May 20, he ordered his men to attack the unarmed Aztec nobles assembled at the festival. Heavily armed Spanish conquistadors and their fierce Tlaxcalan allies waded into the unarmed mass, killing thousands. Needless to say, the people of Tenochtitlan were enraged by the Temple Massacre. When Cortes returned to the city on June 24, he found Alvarado and the surviving Spaniards and Tlaxcalans barricaded in the Palace of Axaycatl. Although Cortes and his men were able to join them, the city was up in arms.   The Death of Montezuma By this point, the people of Tenochtitlan had lost their respect for their Emperor, Montezuma, who had repeatedly refused to take up arms against the hated Spanish. On June 26 or 27, the Spanish dragged a reluctant Montezuma to the rooftop to appeal to his people for peace. This tactic had worked before, but now his people were having none of it. The assembled Mexica egged on by new, warlike leaders including Cuitlhuc (who would succeed Montezuma as Tlatoani, or Emperor), only jeered Montezuma before launching stones and arrows at him and the Spanish on the roof. The Europeans brought Montezuma inside, but he had been mortally wounded. He died shortly thereafter, on June 29 or 30. Preparations for Departure With Montezuma dead, the city in arms and able military leaders like Cuitlhuac clamoring for the annihilation of all of the invaders, Cortes and his captains decided to abandon the city. They knew the Mexica did not like to fight at night, so they decided to leave at midnight on the night of June 30-July 1. Cortes decided that they would leave via the Tacuba causeway to the west, and he organized the retreat. He put his best 200 men in the vanguard so that they could clear the way. He also put important noncombatants there: his interpreter Doà ±a Marina (Malinche) was guarded personally by some of Cortes best soldiers. Following the vanguard would be Cortes with the main force. They were followed by the surviving Tlaxcalan warriors with some important prisoners, including three children of Montezuma. After that, the rearguard and cavalry would be commanded by Juan Velazquez de Leà ³n and Pedro de Alvarado, two of Cortes most reliable battlefield captains. The Night of Sorrows The Spanish made it a fair way onto the Tacuba causeway before they were seen by a local woman who raised the alarm. Before long, thousands of enraged Mexica warriors were attacking the Spanish on the causeway and from their war canoes. The Spanish fought valiantly, but the scene soon deteriorated into chaos. The vanguard and Cortes main body of troops reached the western shores fairly intact, but the back half of the escape column was nearly wiped out by the Mexica. The Tlaxcalan warriors suffered great losses, as did the rearguard. Many local leaders who had allied themselves with the Spanish were killed, including Xiuhtototzin, governor of Teotihuacn. Two of Montezumas three children were killed, including his son Chimalpopoca. Juan Velazquez de Leà ³n was killed, reportedly shot full of native arrows. There were several gaps in the Tacuba causeway, and these were difficult for the Spanish to cross. The largest gap was called the Toltec Canal. So many Spaniards, Tlaxcalans, and horses died at the Toltec Canal that their dead bodies formed a bridge over the water over which others could cross. At one point, Pedro de Alvarado allegedly made a tremendous leap over one of the gaps in the causeway: this place became known as Alvarados Leap even though it likely never happened. Some Spanish soldiers close to the rearguard decided to retreat back to the city and re-occupy the fortified Palace of Axaycatl. They may have been joined there by as many as 270 conquistadors there, veterans of the Narvaez expedition, who had apparently never been told of the plans to leave that night. These Spanish held out for a couple of days before being overrun: all were killed in battle or sacrificed shortly thereafter. The Treasure of Montezuma The Spanish had been collecting wealth since long before the Night of Sorrows. They had plundered towns and cities on their way to Tenochtitlan, Montezuma had given them extravagant gifts and once they reached the capital city of the Mexica, they had looted it mercilessly. One estimate of their loot was a staggering eight tons of gold, silver, and jewels at the time of the Night of Sorrows. Before they left, Cortes had ordered the treasure melted down into portable gold bars. After he had secured the Kings fifth and his own fifth onto some horses and Tlaxcalan porters, he told the men to take whatever they wanted to carry with them as they fled the city. Many greedy conquistadors loaded themselves down with heavy gold bars, but some of the smarter ones did not. Veteran Bernal Diaz del Castillo carried only a small handful of gemstones which he knew were easy to barter with natives. The gold was put in the care of Alonso de Escobar, one of the men Cortes trusted most. In the confusion of the Night of Sorrows, many of the men abandoned their gold bars when they became a needless weight. Those who had loaded themselves with too much gold were more likely to perish in battle, drown in the lake, or be captured. Escobar disappeared in the confusion, presumably killed or captured, and thousands of pounds of Aztec gold disappeared with him. All in all, most of the loot the Spanish had captured thus far disappeared that night, down into the depths of Lake Texcoco or back into the hands of the Mexica. When the Spanish recaptured Tenochtitlan several months later, they would try in vain to locate this lost treasure. Legacy of the Night of Sorrows All in all, some 600 Spanish conquistadors and about 4,000 Tlaxcalan warriors were killed or captured on what the Spanish came to call La Noche Triste, or the Night of Sorrows. All of the captive Spaniards were sacrificed to the Aztecs gods. The Spaniards lost a great many important things, such as their cannons, most of their gunpowder, any food they still had and, of course, the treasure. The Mexica rejoiced in their victory but made a huge tactical error in not pursuing the Spanish immediately. Instead, the invaders were allowed to retreat to Tlaxcala and regroup there before beginning another assault on the city, which would fall in a matter of months, this time for good. Tradition has it that after his defeat, Cortes wept and regrouped beneath an enormous Ahuehuete tree in Tacuba Plaza. This tree stood for centuries and became known as el rbol de la noche triste or the tree of the Night of Sorrows. Many modern Mexicans favor a native-centric view of the conquest: that is to say, they see the Mexica as brave defenders of their homeland and the Spanish as unwelcome invaders. One manifestation of this is a movement in 2010 to change the name of the plaza, which is called Plaza of the Tree of the Night of Sorrows to Plaza of the Tree of the Night of Victory. The movement did not succeed, perhaps because there is not much left of the tree nowadays. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Print.Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Design for manufacturer Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design for manufacturer - Coursework Example Stereomicroscopes are used to examinespecimens under bothreflectedandtransmittedlight. Stereomicroscopes are used for imaging three-dimensional objects1. A Stereomicroscope providesgoodgroundsfor three-dimensional visualization of thesamplebeingtested, in thiscase, theprototype Acrylic displayhence an excellentqualitycontrolinspectiontool. Reducing complexity of the Acrylic displayunit is a costeffectiveproductionmethod. Unnecessary complexity is a majorcause of hiking costs of production. Production of standardunits would seetherealization of mass production at a lowcost. Reducingprototypedevelopmenttime is also a costeffectiveproductionmethod. Thedevelopmenttime can be reduced by putting 3-D digital prototyping technology at work that will speed up the prototyping process and foster more innovation. More technology can also be offered to reducethecost of production. Technology allowsdesignersandotherproductionpersonnel to work as teams, interactingquickly. Cooperation and working as a team give room to the achievement of the best possible solution. According to Evans & Lindsay (2013), surface hardness is the measure of how a material is resistant to changepermanently in shapewhenapplied a compressive force. Classification of surface hardness measurement can be into three methods, includingscratch, indentation, and rebound. Scratch is themeasure of howresistant a material is to permanent deformation due to friction from a sharpobject. Themostcommontestforscratch is Mohs scale. Mohs scalecharacterizesthescratchresistance of variousmaterialsusingthe sclerometer. Indentation hardness measurestheresistance of a material to deformation due to a compressioneffect of a sharpobject. Rebound hardness is themeasurestheheight of the rebound of a materialwhen an objectis released from thehigherground onto thematerial. A stereoscope is the device used to take measurements for the rebound2. Elasticity is thetendency of a material to return