Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Dissertation

Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Industry) - Dissertation Example This concern can be stated as quite vital for the oil and gas companies as the products offered by the industry is termed to be inelastic providing minimum opportunity to the customers to switch to substitute products (Slocum, 2006). The research study proposed in this paper shall emphasise on this aspect of quality assurance and control measures as considered by the oil and gas companies. Further description of this paper will thereby focus on identifying the particulars of the research process intended to be executed. In other words, a comprehensive and detailed outline of the research planning shall be provided in this paper with due consideration to the research problem, research questions and the research methodology to be followed in the study. II. Literature Review Various measures had been considered in concern to the aspect of quality assurance and control in the oil and gas companies. These include environmental regulations and procurement rules imposed by the government wi th the intention to standardise the operations of the industry players. ... Companies should also intend maintaining a community standard in their operations as directed in the programme (Gao, 1998). In the current day context, gas and oil industry plays a significant role for an economy. The industry nearly contributed 24% to the total GDP earning of the UK in 2008. The industry also witnessed a significant rise in the investors’ interest. This in turn significantly enhanced the profitability of major industry players with inelastic consumer demand and increased financial strength (UK National Statistics, 2009). However, from an in-depth perspective it can be observed that the taxation charges were increased in the recent years. To be illustrated, the budget planned in 2011 stated a hike in revenue tax charges from 20% in the prior fiscal year, i.e. 2010-2011, to 32% in the current fiscal year, i.e. 2011-2012. It is worth mentioning that the UK oil and gas industry was recognised to be one of the most stable industries in comparison to the energy ind ustries of other economies. With strong barriers to the price hike in the industry, the UK government also focussed on relatively secure tax regimes that provided the investors in the industry with certainty assurance (Energy and Climate Change Committee Inquiry, 2011). On the similar context, it can be stated that with strict regulatory barriers the oil and gas industry in the UK is likely to face various challenges in maintaining its profit. According to the report forwarded by Energy and Climate Change Committee (2011), there are various challenges likely to be faced by the oil and gas industry in the economy due to the increase in tax charges. For instance, the industry is likely to witness decelerated investment operations that in turn shall

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating Design Research Question: What affect does the potential difference (V) across the circuit has on the copper coating on an iron metal? Hypothesis: My hypothesis is based on the Ohm’s Law which states V = IR, where V is the potential difference across the circuit and ‘I’ is the current present in the circuit and ‘R’ is the resistance. (When ‘R’ is constant) The above equation states that as the current increases, the electron flow will also increase. Thus increasing the potential difference across the circuit which in turn increases the copper coating on iron metal. Variables: Independent Variable: Potential difference Dependent Variable: Change in mass Control Variable: Concentration of the electrolyte Resistance of the circuit Temperature Distance between the electrodes Materials Required: Voltmeter (0.2 V) Ammeter (0.1 mA) Copper Plate Sand paper Iron nail Rheostat Connecting Wires Electrolyte (1M CuSO4 solution) Beaker Alligator Clips Weighing Scale (0.01 g) Diagram of the experiment: Procedure: Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram above. Take a sand paper and remove the rust from iron nail. Now place the iron nail on a weighing scale to get its weight. The iron nail should be now attached as the anode The potential difference should be kept as 1V Pour the electrolyte into a beaker and dip the iron nail into it for about 10mins. After 10mins, remove the iron nail and dry it. Repeat the above procedure for V = 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Steps (1-8) should be repeated twice. Process the obtained data and record the observations. How to control the Control Variables: To control the concentration of electrolyte, make sure that the same electrolyte is used throughout the experiment. Resistance should be kept constant for the Hypothesis to be true, and for this a rheostat is used in the experiment by which resistance can be controlled. The experiment will be performed in a closed lab environment to ensure that the conditions of the equipment are not affected by changing atmospheric conditions. The distance between the electrodes should be kept constant because if the electrodes are not kept in a constant position, the rate of transfer of electrons will increase hence the mass deposited will also increase. Data Control and Processing Raw Data Table:- The Raw Data Table consists of the data obtained from two trials and is shown below in a tabular form Table 1 Table 2 Qualitative Observation: Reddish-Brown coating on the iron nail when it is dipped in the electrolyte. When the current is passed, due to the flow of electrons from anode to cathode, the copper coating thickens as if it is trying to displace the iron. The iron nail becomes blunt due to the heavy deposition of copper. After taking down the readings and noting the associated qualitative data, the raw data table is now processed and the data is represented graphically so that a better analysis could be done. Processed Data Table: The processed Data table consists of two tables showing the change in mass after the data is obtained. A graphical representation of the data is also done. Processed Table 1: Change in Mass was calculated by subtracting the initial mass from the final mass, For V = 1.0  ± 0.1, Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.596g – 1.560g = 0.036g Similarly, Change in Mass was calculated for different Potential difference shown in the table. Processed Table 2: Similarly for this table, For V = 3.0  ± 0.1 Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.889 – 1.797 = 0.092g Graphical Representation: Trial 1 The above graph shows the relationship between Change in mass and Potential Difference. The obtained graph resembles a linear graph and the error bars are plotted. A trend line is also made to pass through all obtained values. From the analysis of the graph of Trial 1, it can be observed that as the Potential difference increases the change in mass also increases which means that the amount of copper deposited increases with increasing potential difference. Similarly, graph for trial 2 is shown below, Graph 2 The graph obtained for Trial 2 also resembles a linear graph but there are some differences between the graph obtained for trial 1 and trial 2. As Potential difference across the circuit increases, the Change in mass also increases which means that the copper coating thickens with increasing Potential difference. Further Calculations are done to find the exact difference between both the trials, Calculations: For trial 1, The equation for the graph is y = 0.0296x + 0.005, Finding the slope of the above graph, m = 0.0296 Slope = 0.0296 gV-1 The slop obtained from differentiating the equation states that when 1V is increased, 0.0296 of Copper deposition takes place. This cycle continues for 1V increase. Calculating the moles of Copper, Moles = Moles = Moles = In Copper Sulphate, a +2 charge is present on Copper hence the required electrons will be as follows, Calculating the transfer of charge, Charge transferred = = 89.60 C Increase in the current = = 0.149 A For Trial 2, The equation of this graph is y = 0.03x + 0.0058 By differentiating the above equation, m = 0.03 gV-1 Calculating the moles of Copper, No. of moles = Mass à · Molar Mass Required amount of moles = = 9.44Ãâ€"10-4 mol at 1 p.d Calculating the transfer of Charge, Charge transfer = = 90.95 C Increase in the Current = 90.95 C à · 600s = 0.151 A Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion For Trial 1, The Charge transfer obtained is 89.60 C For Trial 2, The Charge transfer is 90.95 C The difference between both the charges = 90.95 – 89.60 = 1.35 C Uncertainty of the experiment cannot be found out because the slope of both the graphs are different. From the graph, it is seen that, Evaluation The major reason for this deviation from the trend line plotted in the graph indicates that the resistance was not controlled properly. The graph is plotted on the basis of the Ohm’s Law stating, when the Resistance ‘R’ is constant but in this experiment, both trial one and trial 2 have different value for Charge transfer thus it can be concluded that the experiment was not accurate because of the presence of fluctuating Resistance. Errors that may have occurred The major reason for the experiment going wrong was due to an improper rheostat. The rheostat didn’t have a proper grip between the coil and movable scale. The scale may not be properly attached to the coil hence leading to a deviation between the obtained values. While removing rust from the iron nail using a sand paper, it may have had happened that some amount of rust remained on the surface of the iron nail and was not removed due to ignorance. The experiment was performed for approximately 4 hours. The experiment on the whole was not performed on a single day and hence some discrepancies in the solution may have had happened. The instruments used maybe were not calibrated properly. Number of trials taken in the experiment is only two which is very less as it does not give a big picture of the errors occurred while performing the experiment. How to improve the experiment The experiment can be improved to a greater extent by using a rheostat which has a good grip between the coil and the moving scale. This can be done by checking the instruments before performing the experiment. A fresh iron nail should be taken for the experiment. If it is not taken, then due to carelessness, some rust may remain on the iron nail and at one point it will become so thick that removing it with a sand paper won’t be possible. The experiment should be conducted for a shorter period of time and should be performed on one day itself because if the solution is kept open, it may happen that the solution will degrade or will react with air. Instruments with proper least count should be taken to avoid any systematic error. A minimum of five trials should be taken to reach an accurate conclusion.

A Wrinkle In Time :: Wrinkle in Time Essays

A Wrinkle In Time A Wrinkle In Time is an example of great American literature. It is a plot-based novel with something always happening while an obstacle is standing in the way. Most of the conflict occurring in this book is person versus self and person versus supernatural. A certain aspect that is very prevalent in this book is love. This love takes the characters on the trip of a lifetime, for the sole purpose of finding her father. This love in the background is not known by the reader until the last few pages, and ends up encompassing and explaining the whole novel. Meg Murray, the protagonist and the person from whom the reader gets their point of view, is the main character. She has a little brother, Charles Wallace, and two twin brothers, Sandy and Denny. Her mother is a guiding figure within the story, and serves as her daughter Meg's source of ambition. We learn from reading the story that Meg's father disappears from an extremely secret scientific project, and is expected to return, but hasn't for several years. Meg can see the pain that her mother feels and the rest of the family also about the loss of their father, and wants to help find him. All the while, feelings are mutual that their father is living, but nobody knows for sure. Characters begin to develop, and we learn that Charles Wallace and Meg Murray are very close siblings, and Charles seems to have the ability to know whenever Meg or her mother is upset. He can also answer questions directed at him by his sister, but were not actually spoken, almost as if he can read their minds. None other than little Charles Wallace demonstrates the first example of love being expressed in this novel. During the dark and stormy night that starts the book, Meg becomes afraid of the wind and the thunder, and decides to go downstairs for a cup of cocoa. Charles Wallace is already awake and has warmed the milk for the chocolate. However, this is not the only thing done by little Charles Wallace. ""You put in more than twice enough milk." Meg peered into the saucepan. Charles Wallace nodded serenely. "I thought Mother might like some"" (L'Engle 8). He even makes sandwiches for both Mrs. Murray and Meg. Charles Wallace is only five years old, yet he knows when his sister is in need of companionship, and is happy to do things for Mrs.

Efficient use if paper rule Essay

Every page must be consecutively numbered. Sec. 5. Copies to be Filed. Unless otherwise directed by the court, the number of court†bound papers that a party is required or desires to file shall be as follows: In the Supreme Court, one original (properly marked) and our copies, unless the case is referred to the Court En Bane, in which event, the parties shall file ten additional copies. For the En Bane, the parties need to submit only two sets of annexes, one attached to the original and an extra copy. For the Division, the parties need to submit also two sets of annexes, one attached to the original and an extra copy. All members of the Court shall share the extra copies of annexes in the interest of economy of paper. Parties to cases before the Supreme Court are further required, on voluntary basis or the first six months following the effectivity of this Rule and compulsorily afterwards unless the period is extended, to submit, simultaneously with their court- bound papers, soft copies of the same and their annexes (the latter in PDF format) either by email to the Court’s e-mail address or by compact disc (CD). This requirement is in preparation for the eventual establishment of an e-flling paperless system in the Judiciary. b. In the Court of Appeals and the Sandiganbayan, one original (properly marked) and two copies with their annexes; In the Court of Tax Appeals, one original (properly marked) and two copies with annexes. On appeal to the En Bane, one original (properly marked) and eight copies with annexes; and d. In other courts, one original (properly marked) with the stated annexes attached to it. Sec. 6. Annexes Served on Adverse Party. – A party required by the rules to serve a copy of his court-bound paper on the adverse party need not enclose copies of those annexes that based on the record of the court such party already has in his possession .

Punctuation error in your writing. Essay

Making mistakes in subject-verb agreement has always been my weakness when it comes to the grammar of my writing. I keep on doing the same grammatical lapses again and again. There are several rules regarding subject-verb agreement, of course, and being ignorant of one or two of them is forgivable, but what is unforgivable if you know the rule and yet continue to make the same mistake. The simple rule which I keep slipping n is the agreement of subject and verb in terms of number, especially in a present tense sentence. The rule states that when the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. Inversely, when the subject is plural, the verb should also be plural. The difference between a singular and a plural verb is one letter â€Å"s† and oftentimes I would omit, usually unknowingly or by carelessness, putting that one letter. I have tried to correct the bad habit by being more conscious about my writing, during and after writing. While writing and every time I am to write an action word, I would constantly remind myself to look back to the subject of the verb. During revision of what I wrote, I would run through the entire piece with the one purpose of looking for subject-verb agreement mistakes. I would check for errors in punctuation, spelling, and style during the first revision, but focus on subject-verb agreement on the second run-through.

Animal Culling essays

Animal Culling essays Animal culling is the selective removal of animals so that some can live comfortably and reduce the amount of disease. Animal culling is often the answer to overpopulation. However, uncontrolled culling may lead to the endangerment to species and wildlife. The numerous kangaroos at Puckapunyal should be culled, as they are becoming a menace to the neighbouring Puckapunyal community. Dr Graeme Coulson, a kangaroo ecologist and senior lecturer in zoology in the University of Melbourne, said that, as a general rule, 100 kangaroos per square kilometre was a sign of trouble. The number is now reaching 200. If we do not control it, we get widespread land degradation and widespread plant biodiversity loss because the country gets overgrazed. Trapped inside the 18-metre electric fence that surrounds the 45 000-hectare site, the kangaroos have over bred, eaten themselves out of food and denuded the base of its native grasses. The Department of Natural Resources and Environment issued the Department of Defence a 3-month permit to cull the kangaroos. The RSPCA has backed the cull, saying thousands of kangaroos are in poor condition because of the lack of food caused by the drought in the area. A DNRE spokesman said the permit would be part of a long-term plan to manage the kangaroo population explosion. Mr Bracks said the cull was approved for the sole purpose of reducing the number of animals to stop most of them from dying of hunger this winter. National Farmers Federation president Ian Donges described the move to cull the kangaroos as eminently sensible in light of a recent rapid explosion in kangaroo numbers. Mr Donges said while farmers recognised the need for balance between sheep, cattle and kangaroos, in some cases, kangaroos were capable of causing tens of thousands of dollars worth of damage to farmers crops and fences. Local farmers complain that dry conditions are forcing the animals to invade the ...

Developing Gay Destination Following In Pattaya Vacation Industry Tourism Essays

Developing Gay Destination Following In Pattaya Vacation Industry Tourism Essays Developing Gay Destination Following In Pattaya Vacation Industry Tourism Essay Developing Gay Destination Following In Pattaya Vacation Industry Tourism Essay This research paper is study about how large of homosexual travel in the universe and to happen the best manner and the best solution to develop the homosexual attractive force in Pattaya. The paper is besides identified the assortment of the homosexual activities in Pattaya. Furthermore, the updated intelligence and tendencies of the homosexual travel are provided. Although the impacts of Gay Tourism in Pattaya and Thailand by overall. The Out traveller is a resource and magazine with finish articles, metropolis ushers, and information on nines, bars, hotels, and events around the universe, ( www.outtraveler.com ) . This web site is demoing how large of homosexual travel in the universe and it is astonishing that they are a immense industry in the universe for presents. The finish in the universe where they are provided and friend with homosexuals community are a tonss and from the resources we can state that cheery people are travel for all over the finish in the universe and merely a small different activities which is to be concerned such as the pride, the events and the festivals where the homosexual people can run into and recognize with a batch of new friends from the local or across the universe. The alone event for the alone community is the most attract to convey them to fall in together ; RSVP Vacations Celebrates 25 old ages of Gay Cruises, the conceiver of the homosexual and sapphic sail construct, late kicked off a yearlong jubilation of a one-fourth of a century of all-gay and sapphic sails. To mark its twenty-fifth birthday, the Minneapolis-based company besides unveiled its Silver Anniversary Cruise to Hawaii -RSVP pioneered the all-gay sail construct, subscribing its first sail ship charter in 1985 and hosting its first all-gay sail in 1986, ( gaytravelnews.com ) . From this advertizement, it has been shown that how long of they are constitute and the development in their pride and the jubilation. Furthermore, the adjustment information for homosexual community is besides provided and from the resources, they make the ranking of top five and categorise in the different of location, activities and type of touristry. We have found through our research that the Gay Tra velers would prefer to remain at a belongings that is Gay Owned and Operated, ( www.samesextravel.com ) . The new engineerings and the cyberspace system are the portion of life style for presents and it is easy to have the information from those sorts of engineerings so that means the chances of the turning in the touristry industry for homosexual community is become more bigger than in the yesteryear as they set up the association names IGLTA ( International Gay A ; Lesbian Travel Association ) , the taking planetary organisation dedicated to linking concerns in the LGBT touristry industry via the cyberspace, ( www.iglta.org ) . As the mentioned above that the homosexual community has the alone event called pride ; the Pride Events are opportunities for our community to acquire together and observe diverseness and inclusion, it could be the leisure, cultural and sportive events or concerts and public presentations, uniting their stay with visits to the metropolis s museums and memorials. So we are reasoning that the intent of the pride event or party is to react their demands and acq uire together particularly for the same penchant of cheery people. Overview of Pattaya Pattaya is located on the northeasterly seashore of Thailand About 165 kilometers sou-east of Bangkok. It requires around 2.5 hours of clip by auto or coach to make the metropolis from Bangkok. Pattaya is one of the enrapturing beach resorts of Thailand that holds huge tourer attractive forces. It is one of the favourite musca volitanss for travellers all over the Earth. The several of activities and the amazing sea beaches attract many tourers from all over the universe to pass their holidaies and weekends here. Gay Tourist Attraction in Pattaya Pattaya is highly gay-friendly and has a reasonably developed cheery scene including homosexual bars, GoGo bars and show bars with male terpsichoreans, transvestic nightclub theaters, cheery massage parlors and other gay-friendly constitutions where cheery work forces from all around the Earth can bask themselves and their sexual orientation in the company of the local male childs, ( www.pattaya-funtown.com ) . As we have known that Pattaya is the sleepless town which means that you can pass the daylight every bit good as the dark clip. Pattaya has many sorts of touristry such as the utmost touristry, athletics touristry, or cultural touristry. Besides of those sorts of touristry, Pattaya has besides celebrated in Gay touristry every bit good as Thai ladyboys has won in the Miss Tiffany competition of the universe for many old ages and this is the beginning of the Gay touristry in Pattaya until presents. The homosexual tourer attractive forces and activity in Pattaya are indentified as below ; Day Dong Tan Beach is considered by many visitants and locals to be a cheery beach. The bulks of people who sunbathe and swim at Dong Tan Beach are cheery and sapphic and view the beach as one of Pattaya s premier cheery attractive forces. Considered the cleanest and nicest beach in Pattaya, Dong Tan Beach is besides popular with open-minded straight persons who do non mind being on a predominately cheery beach in Pattaya, ( hotel-travel-pattaya.com ) . Spa, Sauna and Massage for Gay, the male massage for work forces by work forces, the recent addition in the popularity of watering place throughout Thailand is besides mirrored in Pattaya where the scope is immense. It is possible to happen anything from the complete luxury watering place to those of more modest massage stores. Treatments can run from one-hour to a full twenty-four hours and be either tailored to concentrate on one country or to be more holistic in attack. Pattaya Pride is the new name for Pattaya Gay Festival. Events are held all twelvemonth unit of ammunition raising money for HIV/AIDS intervention, safer sex undertaking safe sex battalions and other local charities. All events are unfastened to everyone irrespective of sexual penchant. Night Shows, Alcazar and Tiffany Cabarets, which feature transexuals dressed to kill. Both these nightclub houses are vastly popular with Thai and foreign tourers, who come to wonder at the glistening costumes and the rather fantastic-looking transexuals. Bar, Pub, Boyz Town is favorite for the cheery nightlife scene and this country of cheery go-go bars and beer halls can be found around Sois Pattaya 1 and 3. Soi 3 is credited with being the largest concentrated homosexual country in Thailand with male go-go bars and cabarets providing to Thais and aliens. A quieter country can be found at the nearby Sunee Plaza. An even quieter one is merely out to town at Jomtien Beach where the scene is more assorted than in Pattaya. And this is the high spot of the metropolis for the homosexual community. Real Situation The truth about Pattaya is evidently performed by the feedback of the tourers stating about why cheery community demands to go homosexual or non-gay. Some cheery work forces prefer to pass the holiday around the cheery people ; some gay work forces prefer all gay sails or particular weekends like the homosexual pride event. Many others enjoy sing resorts unfastened to the general population ; it is depending on the state of affairs and taking the manner for their holiday. By questioning from some of cheery friends, they said that Pattaya is the freedom and opened mind metropolis in Thailand which is the tourer would understand by the reaction from the many sorts of concern which is supported their demands. Particularly when we look through the sort of concern for cheery people ; Pattaya have really much activities for them such as the watering place and massage work forces for work forces, the hotel that operated and owned by homosexual and besides the beach where they can pass their comfort without the obstructor of the feeling. Besides, the indispensable thing harmonizing to the homosexual needs is the party in the private or sole as the homosexual saloon or homosexual saloon. Gay attractive force in Pattaya is really celebrated in the south country of Pattaya which is called Boyz Town. Many of visitants come to this topographic point that is non the intent of merely for imbibing or meet or happen the spouses but they are provided many sorts of sexual show by work forces as cheery go-go bars, an titillating dance show or others. Furthermore, the adjustments in this topographic point are besides provided as hotels, guesthouses which set and welcome for the homosexual people. And the adjustments from exterior of this boyz town are besides advancing them as gay-friendly which is more luxury and convenient hotel. From the interview about how cheery people taking the adjustment without the ground of the belongings that owned and operated by homosexual ; it is difficult to happen the reply but for overall of the ground is ; they can pass their money for their luxury and comfort for their adjustment but it is non for all cheery people ever be like this so we can non reason of how cheery people taking their adjustment because of the life style, the chance and the penchant are non the same, every bit good as the consecutive community. The intelligence and tendencies by planetary is the one factor that make the cheery touristry industry in Pattaya to recognize in the development such as in New York City, the metropolis that everyone ever think about when you have a opportunity to travel on board ; they are still besides seek to spread out the Gay and Lesbian touristry as the developers will open the first homosexual dress shop hotel in New York City s Hell s Kitchen, trusting to hard currency in on a turning tendency towards gay-oriented touristry. They wanted homosexual and sapphic touristry to assist repair their $ 4 billion budget shortage. The campaignA was scheduled for the fortieth day of remembrance of the Stonewall public violences in Manhattan, frequently considered the start of the homosexual civil rights movement.A An estimated 10 per centum of the 47 million people who visited New York in 2008 were gay, sapphic, bisexual, or transgender, a population that spends about $ 70.3 billion on travel in the Uni ted States, A harmonizing to Community Marketing, a homosexual and sapphic market research company, ( hypertext transfer protocol: //industry.bnet.com ) . Besides of this point, the sum-up from the research worker, Roy Morgan, ( 2009-2010 ) , The homosexual and sapphic market is recognized throughout the touristry industry as an of import niche section, stand foring differences in vacation behaviour, attitudes and output chances when compared with the Australian population norm. Sexual penchant of respondents is asked as portion of the extended consumer profiling information collected via the Australian Roy Morgan Single Source study. In drumhead discoveries ; The cheery leisure travel market, an estimated 242,000 Australians, represents about $ 965 million a twelvemonth The proportion of cheery people who have taken at least one leisure trip in the last 12 months is somewhat lower than the general population ( 65.4 % vs. 71.1 % ) The mean length of stay for homosexual travellers ( 7.6 darks ) is less than the entire traveling population ( 8.2 darks ) Spend per dark is higher for homosexual travellers at $ 147 per individual per dark Gay travellers are 50 % more likely to book vacations via the Internet. So from the interview as mentioned above and the tendencies from the Earth are matched that cheery people can pass a batch of their money on travel and largely they can acquire the information or inside informations from the cyberspace so the well developing and the good planning to utilize the media or any equipment to advance and develop the tourer attractive force in Pattaya are the proper pull factors which is the developer would be deep realize in it. However, from the existent state of affairs mentioned point can assist Pattaya to happen the manner to develop the homosexual tourer attractive force to be the most attract from locals cheery tourer and from over the universe. Besides that we can cognize the outlook of their demands and the activities that they would make during the holiday clip so it is lead to the homosexual travel behaviour by analyzing in one finish as in Pattaya and besides including the development of homosexuals tourist attractive force in Pattaya. The Impacts The Economic The homosexual market is an easy one to aim. Says cheery people are recession-resistant and likely to go on passing their money even when times are tough. Cheery people are less likely to allow alterations in the economic system affect their behaviours, they have fewer ( or no ) kids, and they are less likely to be strapped for hard currency. Furthermore, cheery twosomes frequently are in the DINK ( dual income, no childs ) class, doing them ideal clients for the travel industry. They besides revealed that cheery work forces tend to pass more money on their trips than tribades and straight persons. When going entirely, for illustration, gay work forces reported that they spent an norm of $ 800, while straight persons going entirely reported an norm of $ 540, ( www.findingdulcinea.com ) . From the mentioned above, we can reason that the travel of homosexual community is necessary for the homosexual people even in the economic crisis they will go on and be after for their travel. A nd besides they are nil to worry as the construct of DINK ( dual income, no childs ) . From the analysis, can state that the economic crisis can work out from the going but non merely from cheery community but for all of the community can do it go on and it can be the sustainable development in touristry with the less impact of the touristry industry. The Political Presents, the political is seem to be the most of import thing for touristry industry which is the tourer would swear in the state that they expect to travel or travel and the political is besides the chief power and chief factor to force the development program and the economic system to raise up but as we see from the current state of affairs crisis from the political reference in Bangkok ; it make the worse consequence in the touristry industry. By analysis, every factors are interrelated and each factor can impact with the touristry industry by less or the most ; it is depending on how bad of the state of affairs and how that state of affairs affect with the tourer. The Social Social impacts refer largely to the effects from the direct contact of hosts with tourers. Societies are exposed every bit to negative and positive phenomena from touristry. They have been classified as negative when they contribute to break of society s constituents, and every bit positive when they upgrade critical properties. Degradation of the environment, offense, alcohol addiction, and drug usage, harlotry, gaming, addition of cost of life, and alterations on value systems have been ranked at the top of the negative impacts. In contrast, some positive benefits to occupants have been noticed, such as the economic additions and the chance to bask an improved substructure ensuing from the presence of tourers. The result affects the manner of life and the socialisation of the civilization. It is the host community, who will make up ones mind what belongingss will be employed in order to keep touristry in a manner that will do less harm to the constituents of the society, ( Vounatso u, Laloumis, Pappas ) . Gay touristry in Pattaya is really proper with this mentioned, the economic and the chance would significantly increase is the benefit from the negative impacts as the environment in Pattaya besides the bad ideal for the following coevals and others. They would go the large job that they can non work out but they can protect and handle them the instruction for avoid the incorrect belief and less harm of the good society in Thai civilization. HIV/AIDS In malice of a big homosexual and sapphic population, there are no registered brotherhoods in Thailand to contend for protecting the rights of these people. The major issue of concern involved in the homosexual sex touristry is the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic. An amazing addition in the incidence of the disease has been observed from 17 per centum in 2003 to 28 per centum in 2005. Harmonizing to Associate Director of Science at HIV/AIDS Collaboration Dr. Frits Van Griensven, around 16,000 Thais are infected with HIV/AIDS, out of which one tierce are supposed to be homosexuals, ( www.bangkokladyboys.net ) . Some of the homosexual activities are lead to the gender particularly for the shows and the titillating dance show. The best protection from this disease is yourself because of the error has ever go on when you are incautiousness. The Image Peoples know Thailand is the land of smiling which has the alone civilization but nowadays Thailand is besides known as the land of openly for homosexual, sapphic, homosexual and sex touristry. The intent of this paper is rather conflict with the image of the state but the intent is decidedly toward to the good chance for the development in the other sort of touristry. The impact of the cheery touristry in Pattaya image is mentioned from the above subject as the publicity in tourer attractive force program of Pattaya is chiefly in the night life of tourer besides the high spot is still be the homosexual and ladyboys. Decision To happen the reply without the confliction is really hard. The chief intent is to happen the best manner to develop the homosexual attractive force in Pattaya to be the first finish in the universe without the consequence of the cultural and the worse manner of societal altering in Thailand but that are all the benefits ; such as the increasing of the economic system, the chance, the quality of life but in the interim, we are having and absorbing the incorrect and different civilization. The best solution from this occurs is the instruction and cognition of the local people it means that we will go on in service but we will non loss the manner and leave the manner we are. Furthermore, the moral principle will be usage in the industry as the honest and the earnestness. For the belongings and the adjustment, Pattaya is good supported but they needs to be more promote and more utilizing by the efficiency media but in fact Thailand would non advance and back up the dark side touristry e xcessively much because of the Buddhist and morality image of Thailand. So the reply and the best solution of this paper would be the development in the local people to be more efficiency in their life.

Red Supergiants are the Largest Stars in the Universe

Red Supergiants are the Largest Stars in the Universe Red supergiants are among the largest stars in the sky. They dont start out that way, but as different kinds of stars age, they undergo changes that make them big...and red. Its all part of star life and star death.   Defining Red Supergiants   When astronomers look at the largest stars  (by volume) in the universe, they see a great many red supergiants. However, these behemoths are not necessarily- and almost never are- the largest stars by mass. It turns out theyre a late stage of a stars existence and they dont always fade away quietly.   Creating a Red Supergiant How do red supergiants form? To understand what they are, its important to know how stars change over time. Stars go through specific steps throughout their lives. The changes they experience are called stellar evolution. It starts with star formation and youthful star-hood. After they are born in a cloud of gas and dust, and then ignite hydrogen fusion in their cores, stars usually live on something astronomers call the main sequence.  During this period, they are in hydrostatic equilibrium. That means the nuclear fusion  in their cores (where they fuse hydrogen to create helium) provides enough energy and pressure to keep the weight of their outer layers from collapsing inwards. When Massive Stars Become Red Supergiants A high-mass star (many times more massive than the Sun) goes through a similar, but a slightly different process. It changes more drastically than its sun-like siblings and becomes a red supergiant.  Because of its higher mass, when the core collapses after the hydrogen burning phase the rapidly increased temperature leads to the fusion of helium very quickly. The rate of helium fusion goes into overdrive, and that destabilizes the star. A huge amount of energy pushes the outer layers of the star outwards and it turns into a red supergiant. At this stage, the gravitational force of the star is once again balanced by the immense outward radiation pressure caused by the intense helium fusion taking place in the core. The star that transforms into a red supergiant does so at a cost. It loses a large percentage of its mass out to space. As a result, while red supergiants are counted as the largest stars in the universe, they are not the most massive because they lose mass as they age, even as they expand outward. Properties of Red Supergiants Red supergiants look red because of their low surface temperatures. They range from about 3,500 - 4,500 Kelvin. According to Wiens law, the color at which a star radiates most strongly is directly related to its surface temperature. So,  while their cores are extremely hot, the energy spreads out over the interior and surface of the star and the more surface area there is, the faster it can cool. A good example of a red supergiant is the star Betelgeuse, in the constellation Orion. Most stars of this type are between 200 and 800 times the radius of our Sun. The very largest stars in our galaxy, all red supergiants, are about 1,500 times the size of our home star.  Because of their immense size and mass, these stars require an incredible amount of energy to sustain them and prevent gravitational collapse. As a result, they burn through their nuclear fuel very quickly and most live only a few tens of millions of years (their age depends on their actual mass). Other Types of Supergiants While red supergiants are the largest types of stars, there are other types of supergiant stars. In fact, it is common for high mass stars, once their fusion process passes beyond hydrogen, that they oscillate back and forth between different forms of supergiants. Specifically becoming yellow supergiants on their way to becoming blue supergiants and back again. Hypergiants The most massive of supergiant stars are known as hypergiants. However, these stars have a very loose definition, they are usually just red (or sometimes blue) supergiant stars that are the highest order: the most massive and the largest. The Death of a Red Supergiant Star A very high-mass star will oscillate between different supergiant stages as it fuses heavier and heavier elements in its core. Eventually, it will exhaust all its nuclear fuel that runs the star. When that happens, gravity wins.  At that point, the core is primarily iron (which takes more energy to fuse than the star has) and the core can no longer sustain outward radiation pressure, and it begins to collapse. The subsequent cascade of events leads, eventually to a Type II supernova event. Left behind will be the core of the star, having been compressed due to the immense gravitational pressure into a neutron star; or in the cases of the most massive of stars, a black hole  is created. How Solar-type Stars Evolve People always want to know if the Sun will become a red supergiant. For stars about the size of the Sun (or smaller), the answer is no. They do go through a red giant phase, though, and it looks pretty familiar. When they begin to run out of  hydrogen fuel their cores begin to collapse. That raises the core temperature quite a bit, which means theres more energy generated to escape the core. That process pushes the outer part of the star outward, forming a  red giant. At that point, a star is said to have moved off the main sequence.   The star chugs along with the core getting hotter and hotter, and eventually, it begins to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen. During all this time, the star loses mass. It puffs off layers of its outer atmosphere into clouds that surround the star. Eventually, whats left of the star shrinks to become a slowly cooling white dwarf. The cloud of material around it is a called a planetary nebula, and it gradually dissipates. This is a far more gentle death than massive stars discussed above experience when they explode as supernovae.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Observation Journal#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Observation Journal#3 - Essay Example Avery approached a structure meant for them to play inside and climb, that was in the playground and tried to climb in it with difficulties. ‘Teacher! Teacher! he shouted looking at the teacher who was with other children inside the structure. The teacher then pulled Avery up and finally he was in the structure. Avery started jumping on the play structure as he falls down. He was jumping as he is shouting and laughing at the same time. I have observed that Avery does not take much time on a particular place for long, but he keeps running up and down touching one thing and another within a short time. Avery saw another child leave the play structure and go to the slide that was just beside the structure. Avery then went out of the play structure and ran very fast towards the slide. He suddenly stopped near the climbing staircases of the slide. He was keenly looking at the staircases and other children as they climbed one by one to the slide. He then stepped on the first staircas e with his right foot. Seeing that it was stable, Avery began climbing up the slide faster as there was another child coming after him. When Avery reached the top, and now it was time for him to slide down, he got afraid and refused to slide down. He blocked the way for the other children who were enjoying themselves in the slide. Avery then moved on one side of the slide, paving way for the other children to pass and slide themselves down. Avery sat up there looking at his fellow children slide with a lot if ease. He was cheering them up one by one as they were going down the slide. Avery suddenly lost the grip of the walls of the slide as he was clapping his hands to cheer the other children. Avery began sliding down unknowingly. ‘Huuuu! Huuuuu! he shouted as he was going down the slide. When he was down the slide, Avery began running away from the slide area, towards his teacher. ‘Teacher, poop, Avery told his teacher. ‘Ooh, you want to poop? ‘Yes,

Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example The report refers to areas the group performed very well while others it required to improve. The plan has ensured that the location and date are secured. In the plan, the venue for the event has been established at the University of Greenwich Council Room. The place has extra benefits it can host all the participants and provide for an allowance for additional participants. The room has also been booked to avoid inconvenience when the event starts. The date has also been set to be held on 10 June 2014, and the event runs from 2-7pm. In addition, all speakers have been contacted to confirm availability. The planners have also obtained catering and accommodation facilities to the participants, who are fifty. The plan has also ensured that there is flexibility in increase in the number of participants and allocated an additional budget of ten people (Bramwell, 1997, p.67), (Allen, 2009, p.180). The plan has also detailed on who is responsible for the budget as GOPIO and the stakeholders. It has established the site of potential expenditure and income, and then they created a framework to monitor the budget. A control mechanism was set maximize revenue but minimize costs. The selection of members was done according to abilities and competence on managing and planning (Ash and Dabija, 2000, p.35). The group initially comprised of inexperienced people that inconvenienced the event planning because the event is large and was a high profile event that required high expertise in planning. However, a selection of experienced group members was made to allow easier planning and members had to resolve their differences in order to continue with the work (Abbott and Geddie, 2000, p.77). In the planning committee, the members acknowledge the importance of unity in the process. A disunited planning committee has conflicts that may lead to the process to collapse (Shone and Parry, 2004, p.7). Group members learn to listen, understand each other, and respect the

Should there be a death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should there be a death penalty - Essay Example He goes to work as Sam’s lawyer so he can be with him through his final appeals. Sam is a very bad man. He has killed several people. He is a terrible racist and was a member of the KKK. Despite all of this, the book does a wonderful job showing us his humanity. Even though he has killed, the irony of the story is the fact that he didn’t kill the girl they are executing him for. This book caused me to view inmates on death row as humans, not just criminals. The scary thing about the book is that even though I feel Sam was a horrible person, I question the rights of the state to take his life. If it really is about protecting society, then let him stay in jail forever. The book also helped me see how there might bee mistakes made along the way that would send an innocent person to the death chamber. It is true that Sam was guilty of many crimes, but not guilty of the crime for which he was executed. I found myself wondering how often this happened in America and other places where criminals are executed. I came away from the book feeling that no one should be executed because the likelihood of making a mistake was too

May one lend money to co-workers who need it to commit sins Personal Statement

May one lend money to co-workers who need it to commit sins - Personal Statement Example In the case of his friend for instance, who wanted the money to ‘commit sin’ with a call girl, he denied him on moral grounds. He argued that by doing that, he would be hurting the wife of this co-worker. However, his morality position can be questioned where he provides his boss with money to purchase a gift. This present was supposed to be given to a woman that the boss was having an affair with, though he was married. Though the individual in question knew about this, he went ahead and paid for the gift for his boss. The two similar scenarios have elicited two contrasting responses. This therefore begs the question of where he stands as far as morality is concerned. The lack of consistence despite the situation is enough to support the fact that most people would appear moral only when they gain more pleasure in the event. However, if there is any loss perceived, one would rather compromise to safe their status quo. My point of view and premises for that position Cons istency in terms of how one responds to issues of morality within the society is imperative. This is especially on how one conducts him/herself towards the colleagues in the working environment. For one to be defined as morally upright, it would be necessary for them to appear predictable in all situations, in terms of their position on various social issues. Fear of losing certain favors because of one’s action or position should not arise. In the case of the of the individual in question, the fact that he agreed to do his boss a favor opens a door to further compromises in future. Through one would understand his reason for taking that compromising act, he failed to take initiative of rejecting. For instance, he did not offer his stand on the issue of unfaithfulness on the part of his boss. The fact that he assisted him in paying for the gift could be explained as ‘supporting such an act.’ Secondly, one would also say that his moral position is not grounded str ongly. He is swayed by circumstances which should not be the case provided one does what they think is right. For instance, why did he not fear losing friendship by not lending money to his friend? Secondly, why did he not choose to reciprocate the same act to his boss? The whole issue of morality lacks meaning if how one behaves is determined by pain and pleasure one may incur. One would be in a position to draw a line and say ‘this is right’ and ‘this is wrong’ despite the repercussions. The notion that he would be discharged of his duty by denying the favor to his boss is just a perception that is not based on reality. For instance, there are laws which protect employees from any unfair treatment. One can seek redress if they feel they are being harassed by their seniors. According to my position therefore, morality should have a specific definition and remain consistent in all scenarios regardless of the consequences. Support by other philosopher such a s John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham, John F. Cosby and Veatch. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham seem to share similar sentiments as far as issues of morality are concerned. They raise two important social phenomena of pain and pleasure as the main determinants of how individuals behave in certain circumstances (Bentham 58). They indicate that what manners are the final result and not the means taken. Both of them agree on matters of personal happiness as what is imperative in deciding moral

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment Law - Essay Example it is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law†2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, â€Å"it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is some disagreement – particularly, though not exclusively in Britain – as to how far this should go†3. It is submitted that economic integration and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a central issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5. In supporting this argument, they refer to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework â€Å"in terms of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions†6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the impact of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of multifarious issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"HRA†). The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation of powers

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example This led to the creation of debt crisis in the countries of the European Union as the volume of bad loans started to increase (5 p,2). The increase in the number of bad loans led to the formation of a bubble until the bubble finally. This gave rise to the number of loan defaulters. The economy of European Union is such that the bloodstream of the economy is the interbank facilities of the European countries. The banks of the member countries not only lent each other for new finances but also offered credit for short term requirements. The bank lost huge funds in the form of bad loans on the back of financial and economic crisis in 2008. The banks of the European Union in countries like Greece, Italy, Spain and others incurred huge losses. The liquidity crunch in the short term operational requirements raised serious concerns in the European Union (1 p,37). Due to interlink between the European economies, the increase in the number of defaulters in a member’s financial system a ffected the economy of another European nation. For example, Italy owed an amount of $366billion to France. Due to non-repayment of loans, the increase in debt for France affected the economy of Italy. The spread of the liquidity crunch among the other nations in Europe and the rippling effect of the increase in debt of the European Nations resulted into the European sovereign debt crisis (3 p,29). Adding to this was the inability of the economies of European Union to print notes. The economies of the European Union had to depend on the European Central Bank based in Frankfurt for the provision of liquidity in the European economy. The increase in debts of the European Union needed timely intervention from the authorities of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the European Central bank for their bail outs (4 p,59). The rise in debt securities is given below. Open market operations of the economy were encouraged by the European Central Bank as a step for bailing out the E uropean nations from debt crisis. The European central bank bought the debt of the members of Euro-zone and also purchased the government securities. The concerns on inflation were also addressed by the European central bank by absorbing the same amount of liquidity (7 p,4). The bailout package designed for the European sovereign debt crisis is given below. Evaluation and Interpretation The dependence of the European member countries on each other for credit led to a widespread sovereign debt crisis in the Euro-zone. The debt crisis led to high liquidity crunch in the European economy and the members of the European Union were in dire need of annual funding. France, for example possessed a public debt which accounted to 86% of its GDP after the world war. Taking all micro as well as macro-economic factors into consideration for France, the country had an annual requirement of around 20% of its GDP. Greece and Portugal were among the member countries which were largely affected by th e Euro debt crisis with protests and showdowns ion Athens and Lisbon (2 p,45). The requirement of annual funding for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Belgium were 20%

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment Law - Essay Example it is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law†2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, â€Å"it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is some disagreement – particularly, though not exclusively in Britain – as to how far this should go†3. It is submitted that economic integration and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a central issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5. In supporting this argument, they refer to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework â€Å"in terms of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions†6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the impact of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of multifarious issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"HRA†). The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation of powers

Financial Systems and audits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Systems and audits - Essay Example An income statement is composed of several items, including sales, costs, increase and decrease in intangible value, taxes, and outstanding shares. Another key accounting record is the balance sheet. A balance sheet categorizes a company’s resources such as assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. According to Pandey (2002), the components of a balance sheet are divided into current and long-term categories. Pandey (2002) further observes that these components are listed in order of liquidity. Besides a balance sheet and income of statement, a statement of cash flows is also very important in a business. A statement of cash flow provides one with information about a company’s cash receipts and cash payments during a period. According to Khan and Jain (2003), a statement of cash flow has several objectives. Firstly, it is effective in predicting the amounts timing and ascertaining of future cash flows. Secondly, it indicates how cash is used and generated. For thes e reasons, it also helps the creditors, stockholders and customers to determine the flow of cash in a business. Thirdly, it helps an entrepreneur to understand the differences between net income and net cash flow from operating activities. Finally, it helps an entrepreneur to examine a company’s investing activities and financing transactions. 2. Importance of accounting concepts It is important for an entrepreneur to understand different accounting concepts the common of which are business entity, matching concept, money measurement, going concern, accounting period, cost concept, realization concept and accrual concept. To understand the importance of each of these concepts it is instructive to examine their roles. To start with, the business entity treats business and owner as two different entities. In other words, a business entity is the very basis of accounting concepts, conventions and principles. The money measurement concept allows an entrepreneur to distinguish bet ween transactions that can be expressed in terms of money and those that cannot. The going-concern concept assumes a business entity can carry out its activities for an indefinite period of time. This concept is important as it facilitates the preparation of financial statements. The accounting period concept is important in calculating tax, predicting future prospects of a business and helping an entrepreneur to procure credit from financial institutions. The accounting cost concept requires all assets to be recorded in the books of account at their purchase price. This requirement is helpful in the sense that it allows an entrepreneur to calculate depreciation of fixed assets. Another key concept is the dual aspect concept which allows an entrepreneur to detect errors. Another key concept is the realization concept which makes accounting information more objective. Equally important is the accrual concept which helps an entrepreneur to know the actual expenses and income during a particular period of time. In addition, using this concept an entrepreneur should be able to calculate the net profit of his or her business. Finally, there is the matching concept which states that revenue and expenses should be recorded in the same accounting period. This concept should help an entrepreneur to ascertain the exact amount of profit or loss of the business. 3. Factors influencing the structure of accounting systems In order to effectively business it is also important for an

China And Western Countries Etiquette Differences Cultural Studies Essay

China And Western Countries Etiquette Differences Cultural Studies Essay China is a state of ceremonies since the ancient times while western countries also have their own etiquettes. With the coming of economic globalization period, negotiation becomes the most common and useful activity day by day. In international business negotiations, two or more parties, which are belong to different countries, come together to discuss mutual interests and conflicts. Successful business negotiations certainly bring more benefits and further development to both parties. However, in the real life, etiquette differences will result to some cultural conflicts, even lead to negotiations failures. In order to study how etiquettes influence on business negotiations, this paper uses the method of contrast and analysis, compares Chinese and western business negotiation practice in detail, discusses the impact of etiquette differences on international business negotiations, and puts forward some useful suggestions on the process and strategy of negotiation. [Key words] Reception Etiquette; Difference; Business Negotiations; Impact I. Introduction 1.1 The Purpose of the Study The success of business activities begins with agreements reached between corporations. An satisfactory agreement requires effective business negotiations. Negotiation is a basic human activity and is such a process involving kinds of interpersonal communication activities that takes place at the verbal, nonverbal, situational contextual levels. In a single culture environment, the negotiation process is more predictable and accurate, as negotiators do not have to concern with challenges of languages and cultural differences. Individuals having the same cultural backgrounds tend to display common patterns of thinking, feeling and reacting in line with their cultural heritage. However, there are more challenges in international business negotiations. International business negotiations are ones where the negotiating parties belong to different cultures and do not share the same ways of thinking, feeling, and behaviors. The whole negotiating process is generally more complicated becaus e cultural norms may undermine effective communication. As above, international business negotiation is not only the communication and cooperation in the field of economy, but also among world cultures which have great impact on such kind of negotiations. In fact, conflicts over goals and procedures of negotiations are often intensified by cultural differences. Etiquette, as one part of culture, if its differences are not well understood or dealt with can be serious barriers to successful international negotiations. The greater the cultural difference, the more likely barriers to communication and misunderstanding become. Hence, learning and understanding etiquette differences between the negotiating parties are really conductive to the success of intercultural negotiations. Chinese culture is different from western culture in terms of beliefs, values, lifestyles and world perspective, so negotiations failures often occur due to great differences of these two cultures. In an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding and respect of cultural differences, will have large advantage at the bargaining table. Thus, the author tries to focusing research on the impact of etiquette differences on conflict management styles in sino-western business negotiations and makes a comparison of the different conflict resolution styles commonly found in Chinese and Western cultures. In brief, the purpose of this thesis is to identify etiquette differences between China and western countries, providing suggestions for the international business negotiations, which can help to reduce unnecessary failures of negotiating and accomplish desired agreements. 1.2 The Organazation of the Study This paper consists of five parts. Part 1 introduces the purpose and the organazation of the study. Part 2 gives a general understanding of etiquette and negotiations, which providing a foundation for further study and explores core factors of Chinese and western etiquette. Part 3 points the influence of etiquette on international business negotiations. Part 4 puts forward some suggestions for international business negotiations. Part 5 is the conclusion. This paper keeps pace with the times and is of great practicability. This is the significance of writing the thesis. There are various factors that have impact on international business negotiations such as international economic factors, political environment, pluralism of legal system, culture and etc. The paper combines the material of language and culture with the material of business negotiations, which illustrates the idea of doing research from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The thesis presents a comprehensive review of theories on etiquette, bushiness. II. Differences of Etiquette Between China and Western Countries 2.1 Definition of Etiquette and Negotiation Generally speaking, etiquette refers to the use and communicative occasions, which is a form of showing respect and friendly. Bisiness Etiquette is a code of conduct which must be respected in business dealings(Jin Zhengkun, 2005). It is a kind of art, which shows an elegant picture of life. With the globalization of the whole world, there are more and more communications between western culture and Chinese culture. As everybody knows, cultures between China and western countries are almost different. There are etiquette differences between the two cultures in the respects of reception, greeting, banquet, presenting gifts and so on. In international business negotiations, etiquette is one of the key factors to be concerned. There are different kinds of definitions of negotiations. It may be understood as a process of two or more parties combining their conflicting points of view into a single decision of mutual interest(Wang Guanfu Su Yurong, 2001: 38). Common interests and conflicting interests are two basic elements of negotiations. Negotiations parties must have common goals, or there would be no need for negotiations. Conflicting interests refer to some of preferred outcome is better for one party. In business negotiations, conflicting interests may include payment, distribution, profits, contractual responsibilities, quality and so on. 2.2 The Differences of Shaking Hands and Forms of Address Shaking hands is a usual way in communication. In western countries, people will not necessarily shake hands, just a smile and say hello to others. But in China, even it is the first time they meet, shaking hands is also considered as a basic courtesy. There is no much restriction to shake hands in China while the western countries have certain etiquette. For example, between men and women, woman should be the first person to reach out and shake hands. If the woman has no meaning to shake hands, the man can only nod and bow; between old and young, the young people should give the hand after the old; between the superior and lower levels, the superior should give the hand first; between the host and guest, the person who should first give the hand is the host. Handshaking should be paid attention to watching each other, and take off gloves; otherwise they will be regarded as impolite. In western culture, people can call each others name directly(Austin, 1962: 30), without paying attention to the age, position and seniority. They regard this form of address as a way of showing intimate and close relation(Austin, J. L, 1962: 31). However, in Chinese culture, the position in the family hierarchy and the professional posts are very important. You can not directly call a persons name whose position is higher than you; otherwise people would think you are very impolite. In addition, Confucianism has the strongest influence on the daily lives and business cultures in China. One important doctrine of Confucianism is its teaching on respect for hierarchy and age. The Chinese language has a large vocabulary used to distinguish people in terms of age. The family name plus occupation linked title is popular form of address, such as Professor Wang, Doctor Li. The age difference of the same generation and the difference between paternal and maternal relationship are reflected i n kinship address terms in Chinese but not in English. The table shows the relationship of English and Chinese kinship. 2.3The Differences of Greeting Greeting behaviour are important tools for establishing and maintaining social relationships. Differences in English and Chinese greetings are remarkable. The western people usually use Good morning/ afternoon/ evening? How do you do? Nice to meet you. How are you doing? Hello Hietc. to greet other people. Have you eaten yet? Where are you going? Where have you been? When Chinese people extend greetings to each other, they always ask like this. This is a Familiar greeting way for Chinese people but no other meaning. In Chinese etiquette, this kind of greetings is taken as attitudinal warmth and care toward others instead of inquiring others personal matter. However, these questions make the western people puzzled, even misunderstanding(Goffman, E, 1967: 48). For instance, Have you eaten yet? they may misunderstand you are inviting him to dinner. Where have you been? They may think you are inquiring about his privacy and response you with Its none of your business. 2.4 The Differences of Banquet Chinese table manners occupies a very important position in Chinese peoples lives. They believe that eating is not just the physical needs, but also important social experience. Therefore, it is very important to grasp some knowledge of Chinese dining etiquette, whether you are the host or merely a guest. In Chinese table manners, the guests seated on the seats first. Chinese food dishes include chopsticks, dishes, spoons, bowls and so on. Chopsticks are the main food dishes. When use chopsticks to take food, several problems should paid attention as follows. First, do not lick the chopsticks whether there is food on them or not. Second, when talking with other people, it is necessary to put down your chopsticks, do not waving your chopsticks when talking. Third, do not put chopsticks on food upright, because it is only used for sacrificing. Fourth is strictly the function of chopsticks. Chopsticks are used to take food only. It is very rude to clip teeth or take something else but not the food.Sometimes, when taking food with chopsticks, spoon can also be used to support, the main role of the spoon is to scoop. You should put the spoon on your plate if you do not use it temporarily, do not put it on the table directly, or make it in the food. After taking food with the spoon ,you sho uld eat it immediately, or placed it on your plate, please remember that do not put back to the original place. And if the food is too hot to eat, please not to use the spoon to scoop or boast the food, you can put the food in your own bowl first, and wait for a while to eat. Do not put the spoon into your mouth or lick it again and again. When finish eating, chopsticks should be putted on the table neatly the bowl by the right side, all of the guests can leave only after the host indicates. You cannot leave with dropping your chopsticks after finishing your meals(Yangliu, Tian Dandan Yuan Fushan, 2008). The western people are likely to have a banquet in their own houses, which are different from Chinese etiquette. The guests should reply the invitation before attend the banquet. On formal dinner, a male clerk stand by the gate to help a guest to take off jacket. The host and hostess greets a visitor in the hall and expresses welcome. The guests always arrive late ten to fifteen minutes to let the hosts to prepare adequately, which is another difference from Chinese etiquette. In Western-style banquet, the hostess always enters dining room in the last time. In fact, the hostess is the true host in the banquet, acting the most important role first and last in the banquet. The guests always notice her activity, lest miss appearance. After the banquet begins, when each dish comes up, guests also follow the hosts action. The guest cannot refuse any dish. If the guests do not like some food, they may take less as far as possible. The tableware of Western-style food is knife, fork and dish. People use the right hand to hold a knife and left hand to hold fork. Do not change knife and fork when eating. Knife can be used as cutting food and fork can be used at feeding(Song Guoshuang Jiang Wenjing, 2008). In Western-style food banquet, take what course, distribute drink what wine, and deserve to use what mug are very strict. Western-style banquet often use seven kinds of wine and every dish should catch up with a kind of wine. Cold meats or choice seafood cup often follow spirited wine with spirited goblet. In deputy dish, people drink the claret with drink claret cup. Entree follows bubbly with bubbly cup and the desert follows Port with wine-cup. When dining, people should be quiet and dont make sound. The sound like burp and chew can be regarded as discourteous behavior. When the banquet ends, the host stands up first and announce the end of the banquet. The female guest leave place first. No matter be to leave banquet or take ones seat, male guest should help female guest to pull chair. The guests cannot hastily leave. However, they should wait for the hostess to see the visitors off. 2.5 The Differences of Presenting Gifts Presenting gifts is an important form of interpersonal communication. Both Chinese and westerners pay attention to presenting gifts to others, but there are some differences between them. First of all, it is the differences of gift. The Chinese attach importance to the practical value of the gift. For example, they may send quilt or household appliances to the new couple. The Chinese people also think highly of the price of the gift, so some people will leave the price label with the gift. In the reality, Chinese people like to present gifts with high prices due to their face or other compelled reasons. However, the westerners always send gift like a bunch of flowers or a bottle of wine. They attach the importance to the feeling of receiving gifts, not the gift itself. Generally speaking, they neither present too expensive gifts nor too cheap gifts but pay attention to the gift packaging. Even it is the very common gift, they will use color paper packaging with ribbon bandage to make it perfect as an expression of their deep friendship. When accept the gifts, Chinese usually politely refused at first, they regard it as a politeness. After they accept the gifts, they will not open the gifts when the givers still stay nearby. However, the westerners accept gifts with no decline, they express their gratitude to the givers and praise the gifts after accept them. They believe that praise the gift is the same with praise the givers. When you get a gift, sometimes you open it immediately, or the giver may think its rude if you dont open(George Y. Tang, 2006: 68). III. Influences of Etiquette Differences on International Business Negotiations 3.1 Influences of Business Negotiations During the Whole Steps Business negotiations should be mutually beneficial. There is no conclusive victory and a successful business negotiation is that each part is winner. Business negotiation should be a process that is based on the needs of two or more parties, to seek the best interests. During the process, each part is eager to meet the needs directly or indirectly. However, the opponents needs must be taken into account so that business negotiation can be successful. What strategy a successful business negotiator usually uses is making the opponent as a friend. First, the negotiators, the identity of the other negotiators and duties should be ensured before negotiation. Second, we should prepare the topic, content and progress well, and make plans, objectives, and negotiating tactics. Then, negotiating room should also be arranged, using rectangular or oval-shaped table, and the seat facing the door is for the respect, which should be given to the other side. Negotiators must also have good quality. Dress should be clean and formal. Men should clean beard up, wearing a suit and tie. Women should not be wearing too sexy. The first impression between negotiating parties is very important, and it is as much as possible to create a friendly, relaxed atmosphere during a negotiation. Self-introduction should be natural. Asking questions should be polite. After the introduction, choose a topic that both sides have interests to talk about. A short greeting can create a mild atmosphere. Negotiating movements also play a major role in negotiation atmosphere, for example, when you look at the opponent, you should look into the eyes to make the other feel concerned. Gestures should be natural, avoid cross-arms at the chest, for it is extremely arrogant and rude. At the beginning of negotiation the most important task is to find out the others bottom line, and it is necessary to listen to the others speaking seriously, giving careful observation of the behavior and expression, and providing appropriate responses, so it is not only to understand each others intentions, but also to show respect and courtesy. In the signing ceremony, all people involved in the negotiations of the two sides must be present. The two sides also have helping sign people, standing beside their own representatives, and the rest stand behind their respective party representatives. Helping sign people should help open the documents and point out the position where to sign. Representatives from both sides sign on owns document first and then exchange to sign on others document. After the signing, both sides should stand up, exchange the text, and shake hands with each other, congratulating successful cooperation. Other members should give warm applause and congratulations(Wang Fei, 2007). 3.2 Different Attitudes to the Time Orientation of Negotiation Time in China is a lifetime commitment, and no long-term or short-term errors will be made through hasty and hurried decisions. All Chinese know the Confucian proverb Think three times before you act. They tend to do more than one thing at a time. Not being hasty is a sign of wisdom and sincerity. These sayings reflect the different time orientations. Sequential time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adhere to a present schedule. As China has a history that dates back thousands of years, the Chinese find it normal to take a long-range view of events and are less likely to be rushed when they face decisions. Negotiators usually stress the process rather than how long it takes to get there. So they may make concession until the last minute of negotiations. Therefore, more Chinese negotiators prefer slower negotiations than western negotiators do. According to Chiness cultural characteristics, in the business negotiations, Chiness people focus on talk about the principles first and then talk about the details, while westerners emphasize talk about the details first and avoid discussing about the principles. This difference often leads to communication difficulties in the West. Western negotiators are not adapt to such negotiations way, and the rusult of the negotiation is often more to help the Chinese negotiators(Wang Min, 2008). A basic assumption of western negotiation is that the faster that money or goods change hands, the greater the increase in value and the larger the profits. The western negotiators want to make a deal quickly, then the next. Short-term transactions are valued. They are known for their speed and strive for getting through the content of the negotiations as efficiently as possible. They always seem to be in a hurry and under pressure for results. Most westerners have very low tolerance for extensions a nd postponements. They welcome innovation and change and have less regard for past social or organizational customs and traditions. 3.3 Different Etiquette Culture reflections of Chinese and Western Negotiators Different cultures have different etiquette. In hierarchical cultures, social status implies social power. Social inferiors are expected to defer to social superiors. Most Chinese people in subordinate positions are happy to place their trust in their superiors. They tend to feel that those above them in the hierarchy are truly their superiors and are looking out for their welfare from a broader perspective and a greater base of experience than they could themselves. Status brings with it great responsibility to do what is best for ones subordinates. Those in positions of power are expected to use that power responsibly and to advance the interests of all those in their collective. Chiness people focus on the respect and humble, that respect the senior and know how to give way to maintain the social order of hierarchy from top to bottom. For example, when meeting each other, they often used the title of old character. In the junior and subordinate are usually respect the views of their superiors and did not dare to express their personal views. While in the West, the Renaissance praised peoples value, the revision of equality is deeply rooted among Westerns, there is no significant difference between people and people(Cheng Yuanfang, 2008). The westerners believe that all people have the right to success in life. They treat others as equals when communicating. They do not attach great importance to the place of birth, family or other backgrounds. They find it is easier to interact with each other when there is at least the illusion of equality among members of the group. Western culture minimizes status differences and values equality over hierarchy and social class. They are proud of the equality nature of their society and assume that all people will appreciate being treated as equals. In ancient China it had been put forward the concept of family, patriarchy existed long-term, while everyone should treat in the national interest as the starting point. In essence, people should maintain the emperor state. Today is also based on the principle of collectivism. In addition to call them but also should add Ge or Jie, which as regards unity and harmony. In the West, the Renaissance was started with individualism as the core and promoted personal freedom and independence. This individualism has permeated into the political economic, cultural and other aspects. It is generally non-interference in other peoples business, particularly in age, marriage, family, income, religious and other aspects. General when they meet there are just some the most basic hello How are you? In the UK, people often talk about the weather when meet. In China, what are you going to do Did you eat? These are regarded as interference in other peoples privacy in the West(Cheng Yuanfang, 2008). The westerners pay more attention to I rather than we. Individualists often prefer to put forth their own efforts and to be judged on the basis of these personal efforts. In terms of business negotiations, western negotiators tend to be more self-motivated and their business relationship is based on self-interest. The consequences for international negotiations are that negotiators from high-power-distance cultures may need to seek approval from their supervisors more frequently, and for more issues, leading to a slower negotiation process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £. Suggestion to Effective Negotiations 4.1 Respecting and Reconciling Etiquette Differences In international business negotiation, negotiators should respect the etiquette of the opposite side in the first place. Respect is most effectively developed once people realize that most cultural differences are in themselves, even if they have not yet recognized the differences. For example, westerners often think that the Chinese are mysterious, even unreliable. They never know what Chinese are feeling or thinking and Chinese always say yes, even when they are negative about something. Then, in order to reach an agreement, they ought to reconcile the etiquette differences. In a word, a person is characterized by his own ways, and there is nothing good or bad, noble or humble when one is talking his own features. However, once he is in a culturally diverse circumstance, one should be flexible. Being flexible means that negotiators should be ready to change their way of attitude when required. To change ones way or attitude has nothing to do with giving up ones principles or standards for business. In fact, such a change is only for solving the problem or for building up some business relationship. People need to acquire the skills that will allow them to respond to various conditions. For example, behaving in an informal manner when encountering a culture that employs an informal style or speaking softly instead of loudly when talking with people who use a subdued communication pattern (Chaney, L. H. Martin, J. S, 2000). In this sense, patience is an important attr ibute required for modern business people. Because they are in the business of creating wealth and value, negotiators need to share the values of buying, selling, of joint venturing, of working in partnership. It would be wiser for international business negotiators to take a neutral attitude when contacting people with various cultural backgrounds and deal with business in a professional way. In order to better reconcile cultural differences,a good negotiator should keep in mind the following tips: There are no specific values or behaviors that are universally right. They must be flexible and accepting of differences in values, beliefs, standards and mores. Only in this way can they do a successful negotiation. 4.2 Conversing Etiquette Differences Chiness and Westerns negotiators, are not only to stand on their own perspective of looking at the problems, but also to stand in the others position to consider, namely, empathy. Empathy means in the negotiations use more from the other sides points of view, understand each others negotiating style, negotiating tactics, interests, preferences and interests of their best point. For example, the U.S. negotiators like to talk directly about the specific provisions. The Chinese negotiators have to adjust their overall after the first part of thinking and negotiation strategies, specific provisions from the beginning, finally talking about general principles. For example, at the beginning of negotiations, the U.S. negotiators always on the details, start with the Chinese negotiators, who, if trouble with their negotiations on the details, the negotiations not only very efficiency for the United States that will make sense of the Chinese side on their mode of thinking and pattern of negot iations to respect and thus they will respect Chinas number of the corresponding negotiations different from their own. In this way, the relationship between the two sides will move toward a win-win, harmonious and friendly direction. In addition, the Chinese negotiators in the negotiations with the United States should behave directly, honest, resolute. The language in the negotiations, we have to be straightforward, and have a pragmatic way to politely discuss issues or calmly argue, avoid using terms such as may be perhaps or similar ambiguous answer. Language should be firm and polite, can say must will definitely when instead of should. When can not be accepted, you must clearly tell the other side, do not shy, or still hold partly concealed(Zhou Guiying, 2007). Try to anticipate differences so that they can take advantages in intercultural negotiations. Be aware of cultural difference when encountering them and not make negative attributions about counterpart. Be careful of unchecked cultural assumption and do not impose cultural bias on the counterparts. Be Prepared for diffuseness in concern about punctuality, logic process and legal process. Be more flexible and adaptable when encounter conflicts. Be given more power to make decisions individually. To establish a warm, personal relationship with the counterparts. Get to know them even before negotiations. Avoid ethnocentrism to ensure the effective intercultural communication in negotiations process. Be patient. Hasty will almost certainly mean unnecessary concessions. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¤. Conclusion With the rapid development of economic globalization and the prosperity of international business, international business negotiations are on the dramatic increase. However, negotiation is influenced by a set of variables, such as the nature of the initial problems and the general context of the negotiation. Culture is one of the most important factors which cannot be neglected. Etiquette is one part of culture which plays a very important role in the internetional business negotiations.When all negotiators are from the same culture, reciprocity reinforces culturally normative negotiation behaviors. When negotiators are from different cultures,reciprocity may help negotiators adjust their strategies to each other. Chinese culture is different from western culture in terms of beliefs, values, lifestyles and world perspective, so negotiations failures often occur due to great differences of these two cultures. In an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding and respect of cultural differences, will have large advantage at the bargaining table. Shaking hands, forms of address, greeting, banquet and presenting Gifts between Chinese and Western countries shows the differences etiquette in internetional business negotiations. Business negotiation should be a process that is based on the needs of two or more parties, to seek the best interests. During the process, each part is eager to meet the needs directly or indirectly. Therefore, in an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding can decide large advantage at the bargaining table. Thus, the purpose throughout this thesis is to examine the experiences of business negotiations between Chinese and western from the perspective of etiquette differences. Regarding the etiquette differences even the cultural differences, it is necessary to put forward some suggestions in the international business negotiations. The opponents needs must be taken into account so that business negotiation can be successful. In international business negotiation, negotiators should respect the etiquette of the opposite side in the first place. Both Chiness and Western negotiators should use more from the other sides points of view, understand each others negotiating style, negotiating tactics, interests, preferences and interests of their best point. In short, as the global economic integration deepening, business competition becoming more and more intense. In the internetional business, due to the impact of Western cultural differences at the negotiating table with their respective negotiating style shows a great difference. Therefore, understanding the differences between Chinese and Western business etiquette will help us find constructive channels of communication and make the full use of the advantages and overcome some of weaknesses. Try to manage the negotiation process, grasp the direction and progress of the negotiations, which is both Chiness and Western negotiators should be attention.

Starbucks Coffee Shop Essay -- Starbucks Coffee Business Essays

Starbucks Coffee Shop When you walk in a Starbucks coffee shop the amazing aroma of coffee beans being brewed creates a smell so wonderful you can almost taste your favorite coffee or espresso drink; even before you have the drink in your hand. The sound of steaming milk and blenders full of Frapachinoes echoes through the air. Five people in green aprons wearing black or white collared shirts working swiftly, to ensure the quickest best service as possible. The two Baristas at the cash registers would call out the drinks to the two people at the bar. One employee doing odd jobs call expediting. A tall, slender dark haired man wearing a black suit possibly Armoni or Gucci, carrying a briefcase approaches register one. A trendy mom with a 5 year old wearing black capri pants, white blouse, and designer sunglasses orders Grande, non-fat, extra hot, one equal late at register two. The floor is so clean you could even eat off of it. The jazzy interior screams to be that of an Italian cafà ©. This appeared to be an ideal environment to sit and enjoy your beverage and possibly a pastr...

Abortion in context: What was the fate of an unwanted or orphaned child in the nineteenth century? :: Essays Papers

Abortion in context: What was the fate of an unwanted or orphaned child in the nineteenth century? For as much as has been written about the crime of abortion and infanticide, equally much as been said against forced maternity, marital rape, and woman’s lack of control over her own body, all circumstances resulting in unwanted pregnancy and unwanted children. Such circumstances all stemmed from unique family, social, or health issues, with no one cause resulting in the abandonment of a child. A lack of knowledge about both sanitation and about women’s health resulted in the deaths of mothers during birth. General poverty and migration from farms to city centers made large families more difficult to support financially. Giving up a child because it could not be economically supported by its family was a common occurrence. As abortion became more stigmatized and criminalized, children who were the product of rape or wedlock were also abandoned. Deaths related to the Civil War also dramatically increased the numbers of orphaned children. Within the pages of The Revoluti on, it is asked: â€Å"Women who are in the last stages of consumption, who know that their offspring must be puny, suffering, neglected orphans, are still compelled to submit to maternity, and dying in childbirth, are their husbands ever condemned? Oh, no!† (2) Stemming from models developed in Rome under Marcus Aurelius and Florence’s Innocenti, orphans were first nursed by peasant women, then adopted or apprenticed by the time they were seven or eight years old (Simpson 136). Care of the orphans (and also the sick, the poor, the elderly, and the mentally ill) was first the responsibility of the church, but with increased legislation, the responsibility gradually fell under the state (Simpson 137). Pennsylvania passed such a â€Å"poor law† in 1705, establishing an â€Å"Overseer of the Poor† for each township. Each overseer was responsible for finding funds for children and more commonly, for finding positions of servitude or apprenticeship (7). Such a model of short-term care followed by adoption, apprenticeship, or indentured servitude became the standard for dealing with orphaned children. The development of specific orphanages or child asylums, however, did not come until later in the nineteenth century. Orphaned children were first treated in almshouses, first established in Philadelphia in 1731 (7). Poorhouses, workhouses, and almshouses, all essentially the same institution, housed both adults and children without homes. Residents were seen as nearly free sources of labor, working in sweatshops or nearby mines in the case of several British poorhouses (5).

Reflections on ‘How To Think Like Leonardo da Vinci’

After reading the 322 page How To Think Like Leonardo da Vinci book written by Michael Gelb, I felt a new world of insights rush into me.   I fell into an in-depth appreciation of Leonardo da Vinci’s genius!Although many critics say that Leonardo da Vinci was a failure particularly due to the fact that a lot of his works were left unfinished, I believe otherwise.   He was a great man who attempted to delve into a multitude of fields.He was an architect, sculptor, painter, inventor, tactician and strategist, mathematician, and a scientist, but only to mention some.   His ideas were truly far beyond his time, and if only his ideas were properly publicized it would have made a greater impact earlier on in history.I realized that in each of us lies the potential to be a genius.   To quote the author, ‘the human mind is more powerful than we think it is.’   As an art teacher, this perspective in dealing with students is important in order to fully cultivate, as well as appreciate, the students’ potentials.The Seven Da Vincian Principles were enlightening.   Through the exercises provided to develop each principle, I was able to get in touch with myself again, my beliefs, my dreams, and in the process of being connected with myself, I was given a chance to view my career as an art teacher in a refreshing perspective.The Seven Da Vincian Principles:CuriositaCuriosita is an insatiably curious approach, and this continuous quest for learning is the powerhouse of the Da Vincian spirit.   I realized how important it is to always ask why, why, and why.   Following the exercise, and after listing down questions that are significant to me and contemplating on them, I realized I have a lot I want to learn, and a lot I still want to understand.   I was once again contemplating the meaning of life.In the study of art, I believe the spirit of curiosita is important in the quest to improve one’s skills.   I thought about some questions.   What is aesthetically pleasing?   Why?   And most importantly, how can I make art that is truly aesthetically pleasing?DimostrazioneDimostrazione is a commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and a willingness to learn from mistakes.   The exercises in this section led me to recheck my beliefs, why I believed them, and whether they are valid or not.   Are those beliefs truly mine, or are they simply influenced upon me by society?   Are these beliefs actually wrong?   For that matter, are the standards I have for measuring art truly mine or merely dictated upon me, are they truly the best standards to measure art?   These are the questions that were brought to me.SenzazioneSensazione is the continual refinement of the senses as the means to enliven experience.   Leonardo stated that the average human ‘looks without seeing, listens without hearing, touches without feeling, eats without tasting, moves without physical awareness, inhales without awareness of odour or fragrance, and talks without thinking' and I believe that this is true, to some extent, it even applies to myself.   The exercises here provided a very enjoyable experience.   In this section of the book, it is shown how important it is to be aware of the minute details that our senses tell me—the feel of clothes against my skin, the taste of something really delectable melting in my mouth, the soft sound of heartbeat in my ears.   Beauty can be found in such experience, though how simple the experience may be.   It is from the appreciation of such experience that wonderful ideas of art can come from.   I especially enjoyed delving into the exercise of answering the question ‘if you could bite into the music, what would it taste like?’   as this tries to express one type of sense in terms of another.SfumatoSfumato develops a willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty.   Sfumato literally means à ¢â‚¬Å"turn to mist†, which describes the hazy quality of paintings of Leonardo.   From here, I learned that it uncertainty is not necessarily a negative aspect.   In fact, it can be used to enhance art, as Leonardo did.It was in this section that Gelb mentioned how Leonardo would spend his day apparently doing nothing, instead of painting what was tasked to him.   In Leonardo’s words, ‘the greatest geniuses sometimes accomplish more when they work less.'   This is called incubation, and I believe this is true as I have also experienced something similar.   Incubation is most effective when alternating, as Leonardo did, between periods of intense focused work and rest.   Without periods of intense focused work, there is nothing to be incubated.Arte/ScienzaArte/Scienza is whole brain thinking, and the development of the balance between science and art, logic and imagination.   It is important not only to explore the art, but also to learn the science b ehind the art.   Thus, development should not only be in the side of creativity, but also on the side of logic.CorporalitaCorporalita is the cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness, and poise.   It is here that Leonardo emphasizes for us to be healthy.   He warns against anger, and tells us to avoid grievous moods, to rest our head and keep our minds cheerful, to be covered well at night, exercise moderately, eat simple and chew well.   When we are fit, we are at our full potential to be creative.   Also, it is important that we develop not only one side of our body, but both.   In painting, it may be a useful exercise to try to paint with the other, less dominant hand.ConnessioneConnessione is a recognition of and appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things and phenomena.   It emphasizes a systems way of thinking.   A number of scholars have criticized Leonardo for the disorder of his notebooks because he scrawled notes in a random fashion.   But Mi chael Gelb believes that Leonardo's sense of connectedness was so all embracing that his observations were equally valid however they were related to one another.   He saw how everything connected to everything else.I believe this was part of his creativity.   He did not let himself be limited to any rule or order in writing his notes, so he was free to jot down his ideas without anything to hinder him.ReferencesGelb, M. (1998).   How to think like Leonardo Da Vinci:   Seven steps to genius every day.   DellPublishing.