May one lend money to co-workers who need it to commit sins Personal Statement

May one lend money to co-workers who need it to commit sins - Personal Statement Example In the case of his friend for instance, who wanted the money to ‘commit sin’ with a call girl, he denied him on moral grounds. He argued that by doing that, he would be hurting the wife of this co-worker. However, his morality position can be questioned where he provides his boss with money to purchase a gift. This present was supposed to be given to a woman that the boss was having an affair with, though he was married. Though the individual in question knew about this, he went ahead and paid for the gift for his boss. The two similar scenarios have elicited two contrasting responses. This therefore begs the question of where he stands as far as morality is concerned. The lack of consistence despite the situation is enough to support the fact that most people would appear moral only when they gain more pleasure in the event. However, if there is any loss perceived, one would rather compromise to safe their status quo. My point of view and premises for that position Cons istency in terms of how one responds to issues of morality within the society is imperative. This is especially on how one conducts him/herself towards the colleagues in the working environment. For one to be defined as morally upright, it would be necessary for them to appear predictable in all situations, in terms of their position on various social issues. Fear of losing certain favors because of one’s action or position should not arise. In the case of the of the individual in question, the fact that he agreed to do his boss a favor opens a door to further compromises in future. Through one would understand his reason for taking that compromising act, he failed to take initiative of rejecting. For instance, he did not offer his stand on the issue of unfaithfulness on the part of his boss. The fact that he assisted him in paying for the gift could be explained as ‘supporting such an act.’ Secondly, one would also say that his moral position is not grounded str ongly. He is swayed by circumstances which should not be the case provided one does what they think is right. For instance, why did he not fear losing friendship by not lending money to his friend? Secondly, why did he not choose to reciprocate the same act to his boss? The whole issue of morality lacks meaning if how one behaves is determined by pain and pleasure one may incur. One would be in a position to draw a line and say ‘this is right’ and ‘this is wrong’ despite the repercussions. The notion that he would be discharged of his duty by denying the favor to his boss is just a perception that is not based on reality. For instance, there are laws which protect employees from any unfair treatment. One can seek redress if they feel they are being harassed by their seniors. According to my position therefore, morality should have a specific definition and remain consistent in all scenarios regardless of the consequences. Support by other philosopher such a s John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham, John F. Cosby and Veatch. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham seem to share similar sentiments as far as issues of morality are concerned. They raise two important social phenomena of pain and pleasure as the main determinants of how individuals behave in certain circumstances (Bentham 58). They indicate that what manners are the final result and not the means taken. Both of them agree on matters of personal happiness as what is imperative in deciding moral

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment Law - Essay Example it is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law†2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, â€Å"it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is some disagreement – particularly, though not exclusively in Britain – as to how far this should go†3. It is submitted that economic integration and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a central issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5. In supporting this argument, they refer to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework â€Å"in terms of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions†6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the impact of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of multifarious issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"HRA†). The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation of powers

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Review-EU Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example This led to the creation of debt crisis in the countries of the European Union as the volume of bad loans started to increase (5 p,2). The increase in the number of bad loans led to the formation of a bubble until the bubble finally. This gave rise to the number of loan defaulters. The economy of European Union is such that the bloodstream of the economy is the interbank facilities of the European countries. The banks of the member countries not only lent each other for new finances but also offered credit for short term requirements. The bank lost huge funds in the form of bad loans on the back of financial and economic crisis in 2008. The banks of the European Union in countries like Greece, Italy, Spain and others incurred huge losses. The liquidity crunch in the short term operational requirements raised serious concerns in the European Union (1 p,37). Due to interlink between the European economies, the increase in the number of defaulters in a member’s financial system a ffected the economy of another European nation. For example, Italy owed an amount of $366billion to France. Due to non-repayment of loans, the increase in debt for France affected the economy of Italy. The spread of the liquidity crunch among the other nations in Europe and the rippling effect of the increase in debt of the European Nations resulted into the European sovereign debt crisis (3 p,29). Adding to this was the inability of the economies of European Union to print notes. The economies of the European Union had to depend on the European Central Bank based in Frankfurt for the provision of liquidity in the European economy. The increase in debts of the European Union needed timely intervention from the authorities of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the European Central bank for their bail outs (4 p,59). The rise in debt securities is given below. Open market operations of the economy were encouraged by the European Central Bank as a step for bailing out the E uropean nations from debt crisis. The European central bank bought the debt of the members of Euro-zone and also purchased the government securities. The concerns on inflation were also addressed by the European central bank by absorbing the same amount of liquidity (7 p,4). The bailout package designed for the European sovereign debt crisis is given below. Evaluation and Interpretation The dependence of the European member countries on each other for credit led to a widespread sovereign debt crisis in the Euro-zone. The debt crisis led to high liquidity crunch in the European economy and the members of the European Union were in dire need of annual funding. France, for example possessed a public debt which accounted to 86% of its GDP after the world war. Taking all micro as well as macro-economic factors into consideration for France, the country had an annual requirement of around 20% of its GDP. Greece and Portugal were among the member countries which were largely affected by th e Euro debt crisis with protests and showdowns ion Athens and Lisbon (2 p,45). The requirement of annual funding for Portugal, Italy, Spain and Belgium were 20%

Business and Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Employment Law - Essay Example it is the EEC (now known as the EU) that has had the most significance, particularly for law†2. Elliot further comments that in addition to the economic objectives, â€Å"it is intended that there should be increasing political unity, though there is some disagreement – particularly, though not exclusively in Britain – as to how far this should go†3. It is submitted that economic integration and the policy making of the EU is inherently dependent on legislation and therefore a central issue of importance is the ability of the EU institutional framework to effectively implement and regulate EU economic objectives at national level4. As an initial observation, Baimbridge and Whyman posit that the organisational model of the EU with the roles of the Commission, European Parliament and the European Court of Justice is its inherent weakness in achieving EU harmonisation5. In supporting this argument, they refer to the EU regulatory model as the democratic deficit of the EU framework â€Å"in terms of direct influence afforded to European citizens over the decision making process of the principle institutions†6. As such, the institutional framework clearly lends itself to conflict with the national political framework of member states. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the impact of European Union and EC law on the UK and business. Whilst the sheer complexity of multifarious issues raised by the impact of EC law and EU institutional policy making on the UK is outside the remit of this paper, in evaluating the issue this paper will focus on the policy initiatives of the EU, impact of legislation and undertake a contextual evaluation of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (â€Å"HRA†). The tension between European Community law (EC) and national law is arguably the most debated topic of constitutional law7. The convention of Parliamentary supremacy is rooted within the British constitution as a fundamental limb of the separation of powers

Financial Systems and audits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Systems and audits - Essay Example An income statement is composed of several items, including sales, costs, increase and decrease in intangible value, taxes, and outstanding shares. Another key accounting record is the balance sheet. A balance sheet categorizes a company’s resources such as assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. According to Pandey (2002), the components of a balance sheet are divided into current and long-term categories. Pandey (2002) further observes that these components are listed in order of liquidity. Besides a balance sheet and income of statement, a statement of cash flows is also very important in a business. A statement of cash flow provides one with information about a company’s cash receipts and cash payments during a period. According to Khan and Jain (2003), a statement of cash flow has several objectives. Firstly, it is effective in predicting the amounts timing and ascertaining of future cash flows. Secondly, it indicates how cash is used and generated. For thes e reasons, it also helps the creditors, stockholders and customers to determine the flow of cash in a business. Thirdly, it helps an entrepreneur to understand the differences between net income and net cash flow from operating activities. Finally, it helps an entrepreneur to examine a company’s investing activities and financing transactions. 2. Importance of accounting concepts It is important for an entrepreneur to understand different accounting concepts the common of which are business entity, matching concept, money measurement, going concern, accounting period, cost concept, realization concept and accrual concept. To understand the importance of each of these concepts it is instructive to examine their roles. To start with, the business entity treats business and owner as two different entities. In other words, a business entity is the very basis of accounting concepts, conventions and principles. The money measurement concept allows an entrepreneur to distinguish bet ween transactions that can be expressed in terms of money and those that cannot. The going-concern concept assumes a business entity can carry out its activities for an indefinite period of time. This concept is important as it facilitates the preparation of financial statements. The accounting period concept is important in calculating tax, predicting future prospects of a business and helping an entrepreneur to procure credit from financial institutions. The accounting cost concept requires all assets to be recorded in the books of account at their purchase price. This requirement is helpful in the sense that it allows an entrepreneur to calculate depreciation of fixed assets. Another key concept is the dual aspect concept which allows an entrepreneur to detect errors. Another key concept is the realization concept which makes accounting information more objective. Equally important is the accrual concept which helps an entrepreneur to know the actual expenses and income during a particular period of time. In addition, using this concept an entrepreneur should be able to calculate the net profit of his or her business. Finally, there is the matching concept which states that revenue and expenses should be recorded in the same accounting period. This concept should help an entrepreneur to ascertain the exact amount of profit or loss of the business. 3. Factors influencing the structure of accounting systems In order to effectively business it is also important for an

China And Western Countries Etiquette Differences Cultural Studies Essay

China And Western Countries Etiquette Differences Cultural Studies Essay China is a state of ceremonies since the ancient times while western countries also have their own etiquettes. With the coming of economic globalization period, negotiation becomes the most common and useful activity day by day. In international business negotiations, two or more parties, which are belong to different countries, come together to discuss mutual interests and conflicts. Successful business negotiations certainly bring more benefits and further development to both parties. However, in the real life, etiquette differences will result to some cultural conflicts, even lead to negotiations failures. In order to study how etiquettes influence on business negotiations, this paper uses the method of contrast and analysis, compares Chinese and western business negotiation practice in detail, discusses the impact of etiquette differences on international business negotiations, and puts forward some useful suggestions on the process and strategy of negotiation. [Key words] Reception Etiquette; Difference; Business Negotiations; Impact I. Introduction 1.1 The Purpose of the Study The success of business activities begins with agreements reached between corporations. An satisfactory agreement requires effective business negotiations. Negotiation is a basic human activity and is such a process involving kinds of interpersonal communication activities that takes place at the verbal, nonverbal, situational contextual levels. In a single culture environment, the negotiation process is more predictable and accurate, as negotiators do not have to concern with challenges of languages and cultural differences. Individuals having the same cultural backgrounds tend to display common patterns of thinking, feeling and reacting in line with their cultural heritage. However, there are more challenges in international business negotiations. International business negotiations are ones where the negotiating parties belong to different cultures and do not share the same ways of thinking, feeling, and behaviors. The whole negotiating process is generally more complicated becaus e cultural norms may undermine effective communication. As above, international business negotiation is not only the communication and cooperation in the field of economy, but also among world cultures which have great impact on such kind of negotiations. In fact, conflicts over goals and procedures of negotiations are often intensified by cultural differences. Etiquette, as one part of culture, if its differences are not well understood or dealt with can be serious barriers to successful international negotiations. The greater the cultural difference, the more likely barriers to communication and misunderstanding become. Hence, learning and understanding etiquette differences between the negotiating parties are really conductive to the success of intercultural negotiations. Chinese culture is different from western culture in terms of beliefs, values, lifestyles and world perspective, so negotiations failures often occur due to great differences of these two cultures. In an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding and respect of cultural differences, will have large advantage at the bargaining table. Thus, the author tries to focusing research on the impact of etiquette differences on conflict management styles in sino-western business negotiations and makes a comparison of the different conflict resolution styles commonly found in Chinese and Western cultures. In brief, the purpose of this thesis is to identify etiquette differences between China and western countries, providing suggestions for the international business negotiations, which can help to reduce unnecessary failures of negotiating and accomplish desired agreements. 1.2 The Organazation of the Study This paper consists of five parts. Part 1 introduces the purpose and the organazation of the study. Part 2 gives a general understanding of etiquette and negotiations, which providing a foundation for further study and explores core factors of Chinese and western etiquette. Part 3 points the influence of etiquette on international business negotiations. Part 4 puts forward some suggestions for international business negotiations. Part 5 is the conclusion. This paper keeps pace with the times and is of great practicability. This is the significance of writing the thesis. There are various factors that have impact on international business negotiations such as international economic factors, political environment, pluralism of legal system, culture and etc. The paper combines the material of language and culture with the material of business negotiations, which illustrates the idea of doing research from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The thesis presents a comprehensive review of theories on etiquette, bushiness. II. Differences of Etiquette Between China and Western Countries 2.1 Definition of Etiquette and Negotiation Generally speaking, etiquette refers to the use and communicative occasions, which is a form of showing respect and friendly. Bisiness Etiquette is a code of conduct which must be respected in business dealings(Jin Zhengkun, 2005). It is a kind of art, which shows an elegant picture of life. With the globalization of the whole world, there are more and more communications between western culture and Chinese culture. As everybody knows, cultures between China and western countries are almost different. There are etiquette differences between the two cultures in the respects of reception, greeting, banquet, presenting gifts and so on. In international business negotiations, etiquette is one of the key factors to be concerned. There are different kinds of definitions of negotiations. It may be understood as a process of two or more parties combining their conflicting points of view into a single decision of mutual interest(Wang Guanfu Su Yurong, 2001: 38). Common interests and conflicting interests are two basic elements of negotiations. Negotiations parties must have common goals, or there would be no need for negotiations. Conflicting interests refer to some of preferred outcome is better for one party. In business negotiations, conflicting interests may include payment, distribution, profits, contractual responsibilities, quality and so on. 2.2 The Differences of Shaking Hands and Forms of Address Shaking hands is a usual way in communication. In western countries, people will not necessarily shake hands, just a smile and say hello to others. But in China, even it is the first time they meet, shaking hands is also considered as a basic courtesy. There is no much restriction to shake hands in China while the western countries have certain etiquette. For example, between men and women, woman should be the first person to reach out and shake hands. If the woman has no meaning to shake hands, the man can only nod and bow; between old and young, the young people should give the hand after the old; between the superior and lower levels, the superior should give the hand first; between the host and guest, the person who should first give the hand is the host. Handshaking should be paid attention to watching each other, and take off gloves; otherwise they will be regarded as impolite. In western culture, people can call each others name directly(Austin, 1962: 30), without paying attention to the age, position and seniority. They regard this form of address as a way of showing intimate and close relation(Austin, J. L, 1962: 31). However, in Chinese culture, the position in the family hierarchy and the professional posts are very important. You can not directly call a persons name whose position is higher than you; otherwise people would think you are very impolite. In addition, Confucianism has the strongest influence on the daily lives and business cultures in China. One important doctrine of Confucianism is its teaching on respect for hierarchy and age. The Chinese language has a large vocabulary used to distinguish people in terms of age. The family name plus occupation linked title is popular form of address, such as Professor Wang, Doctor Li. The age difference of the same generation and the difference between paternal and maternal relationship are reflected i n kinship address terms in Chinese but not in English. The table shows the relationship of English and Chinese kinship. 2.3The Differences of Greeting Greeting behaviour are important tools for establishing and maintaining social relationships. Differences in English and Chinese greetings are remarkable. The western people usually use Good morning/ afternoon/ evening? How do you do? Nice to meet you. How are you doing? Hello Hietc. to greet other people. Have you eaten yet? Where are you going? Where have you been? When Chinese people extend greetings to each other, they always ask like this. This is a Familiar greeting way for Chinese people but no other meaning. In Chinese etiquette, this kind of greetings is taken as attitudinal warmth and care toward others instead of inquiring others personal matter. However, these questions make the western people puzzled, even misunderstanding(Goffman, E, 1967: 48). For instance, Have you eaten yet? they may misunderstand you are inviting him to dinner. Where have you been? They may think you are inquiring about his privacy and response you with Its none of your business. 2.4 The Differences of Banquet Chinese table manners occupies a very important position in Chinese peoples lives. They believe that eating is not just the physical needs, but also important social experience. Therefore, it is very important to grasp some knowledge of Chinese dining etiquette, whether you are the host or merely a guest. In Chinese table manners, the guests seated on the seats first. Chinese food dishes include chopsticks, dishes, spoons, bowls and so on. Chopsticks are the main food dishes. When use chopsticks to take food, several problems should paid attention as follows. First, do not lick the chopsticks whether there is food on them or not. Second, when talking with other people, it is necessary to put down your chopsticks, do not waving your chopsticks when talking. Third, do not put chopsticks on food upright, because it is only used for sacrificing. Fourth is strictly the function of chopsticks. Chopsticks are used to take food only. It is very rude to clip teeth or take something else but not the food.Sometimes, when taking food with chopsticks, spoon can also be used to support, the main role of the spoon is to scoop. You should put the spoon on your plate if you do not use it temporarily, do not put it on the table directly, or make it in the food. After taking food with the spoon ,you sho uld eat it immediately, or placed it on your plate, please remember that do not put back to the original place. And if the food is too hot to eat, please not to use the spoon to scoop or boast the food, you can put the food in your own bowl first, and wait for a while to eat. Do not put the spoon into your mouth or lick it again and again. When finish eating, chopsticks should be putted on the table neatly the bowl by the right side, all of the guests can leave only after the host indicates. You cannot leave with dropping your chopsticks after finishing your meals(Yangliu, Tian Dandan Yuan Fushan, 2008). The western people are likely to have a banquet in their own houses, which are different from Chinese etiquette. The guests should reply the invitation before attend the banquet. On formal dinner, a male clerk stand by the gate to help a guest to take off jacket. The host and hostess greets a visitor in the hall and expresses welcome. The guests always arrive late ten to fifteen minutes to let the hosts to prepare adequately, which is another difference from Chinese etiquette. In Western-style banquet, the hostess always enters dining room in the last time. In fact, the hostess is the true host in the banquet, acting the most important role first and last in the banquet. The guests always notice her activity, lest miss appearance. After the banquet begins, when each dish comes up, guests also follow the hosts action. The guest cannot refuse any dish. If the guests do not like some food, they may take less as far as possible. The tableware of Western-style food is knife, fork and dish. People use the right hand to hold a knife and left hand to hold fork. Do not change knife and fork when eating. Knife can be used as cutting food and fork can be used at feeding(Song Guoshuang Jiang Wenjing, 2008). In Western-style food banquet, take what course, distribute drink what wine, and deserve to use what mug are very strict. Western-style banquet often use seven kinds of wine and every dish should catch up with a kind of wine. Cold meats or choice seafood cup often follow spirited wine with spirited goblet. In deputy dish, people drink the claret with drink claret cup. Entree follows bubbly with bubbly cup and the desert follows Port with wine-cup. When dining, people should be quiet and dont make sound. The sound like burp and chew can be regarded as discourteous behavior. When the banquet ends, the host stands up first and announce the end of the banquet. The female guest leave place first. No matter be to leave banquet or take ones seat, male guest should help female guest to pull chair. The guests cannot hastily leave. However, they should wait for the hostess to see the visitors off. 2.5 The Differences of Presenting Gifts Presenting gifts is an important form of interpersonal communication. Both Chinese and westerners pay attention to presenting gifts to others, but there are some differences between them. First of all, it is the differences of gift. The Chinese attach importance to the practical value of the gift. For example, they may send quilt or household appliances to the new couple. The Chinese people also think highly of the price of the gift, so some people will leave the price label with the gift. In the reality, Chinese people like to present gifts with high prices due to their face or other compelled reasons. However, the westerners always send gift like a bunch of flowers or a bottle of wine. They attach the importance to the feeling of receiving gifts, not the gift itself. Generally speaking, they neither present too expensive gifts nor too cheap gifts but pay attention to the gift packaging. Even it is the very common gift, they will use color paper packaging with ribbon bandage to make it perfect as an expression of their deep friendship. When accept the gifts, Chinese usually politely refused at first, they regard it as a politeness. After they accept the gifts, they will not open the gifts when the givers still stay nearby. However, the westerners accept gifts with no decline, they express their gratitude to the givers and praise the gifts after accept them. They believe that praise the gift is the same with praise the givers. When you get a gift, sometimes you open it immediately, or the giver may think its rude if you dont open(George Y. Tang, 2006: 68). III. Influences of Etiquette Differences on International Business Negotiations 3.1 Influences of Business Negotiations During the Whole Steps Business negotiations should be mutually beneficial. There is no conclusive victory and a successful business negotiation is that each part is winner. Business negotiation should be a process that is based on the needs of two or more parties, to seek the best interests. During the process, each part is eager to meet the needs directly or indirectly. However, the opponents needs must be taken into account so that business negotiation can be successful. What strategy a successful business negotiator usually uses is making the opponent as a friend. First, the negotiators, the identity of the other negotiators and duties should be ensured before negotiation. Second, we should prepare the topic, content and progress well, and make plans, objectives, and negotiating tactics. Then, negotiating room should also be arranged, using rectangular or oval-shaped table, and the seat facing the door is for the respect, which should be given to the other side. Negotiators must also have good quality. Dress should be clean and formal. Men should clean beard up, wearing a suit and tie. Women should not be wearing too sexy. The first impression between negotiating parties is very important, and it is as much as possible to create a friendly, relaxed atmosphere during a negotiation. Self-introduction should be natural. Asking questions should be polite. After the introduction, choose a topic that both sides have interests to talk about. A short greeting can create a mild atmosphere. Negotiating movements also play a major role in negotiation atmosphere, for example, when you look at the opponent, you should look into the eyes to make the other feel concerned. Gestures should be natural, avoid cross-arms at the chest, for it is extremely arrogant and rude. At the beginning of negotiation the most important task is to find out the others bottom line, and it is necessary to listen to the others speaking seriously, giving careful observation of the behavior and expression, and providing appropriate responses, so it is not only to understand each others intentions, but also to show respect and courtesy. In the signing ceremony, all people involved in the negotiations of the two sides must be present. The two sides also have helping sign people, standing beside their own representatives, and the rest stand behind their respective party representatives. Helping sign people should help open the documents and point out the position where to sign. Representatives from both sides sign on owns document first and then exchange to sign on others document. After the signing, both sides should stand up, exchange the text, and shake hands with each other, congratulating successful cooperation. Other members should give warm applause and congratulations(Wang Fei, 2007). 3.2 Different Attitudes to the Time Orientation of Negotiation Time in China is a lifetime commitment, and no long-term or short-term errors will be made through hasty and hurried decisions. All Chinese know the Confucian proverb Think three times before you act. They tend to do more than one thing at a time. Not being hasty is a sign of wisdom and sincerity. These sayings reflect the different time orientations. Sequential time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adhere to a present schedule. As China has a history that dates back thousands of years, the Chinese find it normal to take a long-range view of events and are less likely to be rushed when they face decisions. Negotiators usually stress the process rather than how long it takes to get there. So they may make concession until the last minute of negotiations. Therefore, more Chinese negotiators prefer slower negotiations than western negotiators do. According to Chiness cultural characteristics, in the business negotiations, Chiness people focus on talk about the principles first and then talk about the details, while westerners emphasize talk about the details first and avoid discussing about the principles. This difference often leads to communication difficulties in the West. Western negotiators are not adapt to such negotiations way, and the rusult of the negotiation is often more to help the Chinese negotiators(Wang Min, 2008). A basic assumption of western negotiation is that the faster that money or goods change hands, the greater the increase in value and the larger the profits. The western negotiators want to make a deal quickly, then the next. Short-term transactions are valued. They are known for their speed and strive for getting through the content of the negotiations as efficiently as possible. They always seem to be in a hurry and under pressure for results. Most westerners have very low tolerance for extensions a nd postponements. They welcome innovation and change and have less regard for past social or organizational customs and traditions. 3.3 Different Etiquette Culture reflections of Chinese and Western Negotiators Different cultures have different etiquette. In hierarchical cultures, social status implies social power. Social inferiors are expected to defer to social superiors. Most Chinese people in subordinate positions are happy to place their trust in their superiors. They tend to feel that those above them in the hierarchy are truly their superiors and are looking out for their welfare from a broader perspective and a greater base of experience than they could themselves. Status brings with it great responsibility to do what is best for ones subordinates. Those in positions of power are expected to use that power responsibly and to advance the interests of all those in their collective. Chiness people focus on the respect and humble, that respect the senior and know how to give way to maintain the social order of hierarchy from top to bottom. For example, when meeting each other, they often used the title of old character. In the junior and subordinate are usually respect the views of their superiors and did not dare to express their personal views. While in the West, the Renaissance praised peoples value, the revision of equality is deeply rooted among Westerns, there is no significant difference between people and people(Cheng Yuanfang, 2008). The westerners believe that all people have the right to success in life. They treat others as equals when communicating. They do not attach great importance to the place of birth, family or other backgrounds. They find it is easier to interact with each other when there is at least the illusion of equality among members of the group. Western culture minimizes status differences and values equality over hierarchy and social class. They are proud of the equality nature of their society and assume that all people will appreciate being treated as equals. In ancient China it had been put forward the concept of family, patriarchy existed long-term, while everyone should treat in the national interest as the starting point. In essence, people should maintain the emperor state. Today is also based on the principle of collectivism. In addition to call them but also should add Ge or Jie, which as regards unity and harmony. In the West, the Renaissance was started with individualism as the core and promoted personal freedom and independence. This individualism has permeated into the political economic, cultural and other aspects. It is generally non-interference in other peoples business, particularly in age, marriage, family, income, religious and other aspects. General when they meet there are just some the most basic hello How are you? In the UK, people often talk about the weather when meet. In China, what are you going to do Did you eat? These are regarded as interference in other peoples privacy in the West(Cheng Yuanfang, 2008). The westerners pay more attention to I rather than we. Individualists often prefer to put forth their own efforts and to be judged on the basis of these personal efforts. In terms of business negotiations, western negotiators tend to be more self-motivated and their business relationship is based on self-interest. The consequences for international negotiations are that negotiators from high-power-distance cultures may need to seek approval from their supervisors more frequently, and for more issues, leading to a slower negotiation process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ £. Suggestion to Effective Negotiations 4.1 Respecting and Reconciling Etiquette Differences In international business negotiation, negotiators should respect the etiquette of the opposite side in the first place. Respect is most effectively developed once people realize that most cultural differences are in themselves, even if they have not yet recognized the differences. For example, westerners often think that the Chinese are mysterious, even unreliable. They never know what Chinese are feeling or thinking and Chinese always say yes, even when they are negative about something. Then, in order to reach an agreement, they ought to reconcile the etiquette differences. In a word, a person is characterized by his own ways, and there is nothing good or bad, noble or humble when one is talking his own features. However, once he is in a culturally diverse circumstance, one should be flexible. Being flexible means that negotiators should be ready to change their way of attitude when required. To change ones way or attitude has nothing to do with giving up ones principles or standards for business. In fact, such a change is only for solving the problem or for building up some business relationship. People need to acquire the skills that will allow them to respond to various conditions. For example, behaving in an informal manner when encountering a culture that employs an informal style or speaking softly instead of loudly when talking with people who use a subdued communication pattern (Chaney, L. H. Martin, J. S, 2000). In this sense, patience is an important attr ibute required for modern business people. Because they are in the business of creating wealth and value, negotiators need to share the values of buying, selling, of joint venturing, of working in partnership. It would be wiser for international business negotiators to take a neutral attitude when contacting people with various cultural backgrounds and deal with business in a professional way. In order to better reconcile cultural differences,a good negotiator should keep in mind the following tips: There are no specific values or behaviors that are universally right. They must be flexible and accepting of differences in values, beliefs, standards and mores. Only in this way can they do a successful negotiation. 4.2 Conversing Etiquette Differences Chiness and Westerns negotiators, are not only to stand on their own perspective of looking at the problems, but also to stand in the others position to consider, namely, empathy. Empathy means in the negotiations use more from the other sides points of view, understand each others negotiating style, negotiating tactics, interests, preferences and interests of their best point. For example, the U.S. negotiators like to talk directly about the specific provisions. The Chinese negotiators have to adjust their overall after the first part of thinking and negotiation strategies, specific provisions from the beginning, finally talking about general principles. For example, at the beginning of negotiations, the U.S. negotiators always on the details, start with the Chinese negotiators, who, if trouble with their negotiations on the details, the negotiations not only very efficiency for the United States that will make sense of the Chinese side on their mode of thinking and pattern of negot iations to respect and thus they will respect Chinas number of the corresponding negotiations different from their own. In this way, the relationship between the two sides will move toward a win-win, harmonious and friendly direction. In addition, the Chinese negotiators in the negotiations with the United States should behave directly, honest, resolute. The language in the negotiations, we have to be straightforward, and have a pragmatic way to politely discuss issues or calmly argue, avoid using terms such as may be perhaps or similar ambiguous answer. Language should be firm and polite, can say must will definitely when instead of should. When can not be accepted, you must clearly tell the other side, do not shy, or still hold partly concealed(Zhou Guiying, 2007). Try to anticipate differences so that they can take advantages in intercultural negotiations. Be aware of cultural difference when encountering them and not make negative attributions about counterpart. Be careful of unchecked cultural assumption and do not impose cultural bias on the counterparts. Be Prepared for diffuseness in concern about punctuality, logic process and legal process. Be more flexible and adaptable when encounter conflicts. Be given more power to make decisions individually. To establish a warm, personal relationship with the counterparts. Get to know them even before negotiations. Avoid ethnocentrism to ensure the effective intercultural communication in negotiations process. Be patient. Hasty will almost certainly mean unnecessary concessions. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¤. Conclusion With the rapid development of economic globalization and the prosperity of international business, international business negotiations are on the dramatic increase. However, negotiation is influenced by a set of variables, such as the nature of the initial problems and the general context of the negotiation. Culture is one of the most important factors which cannot be neglected. Etiquette is one part of culture which plays a very important role in the internetional business negotiations.When all negotiators are from the same culture, reciprocity reinforces culturally normative negotiation behaviors. When negotiators are from different cultures,reciprocity may help negotiators adjust their strategies to each other. Chinese culture is different from western culture in terms of beliefs, values, lifestyles and world perspective, so negotiations failures often occur due to great differences of these two cultures. In an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding and respect of cultural differences, will have large advantage at the bargaining table. Shaking hands, forms of address, greeting, banquet and presenting Gifts between Chinese and Western countries shows the differences etiquette in internetional business negotiations. Business negotiation should be a process that is based on the needs of two or more parties, to seek the best interests. During the process, each part is eager to meet the needs directly or indirectly. Therefore, in an international business environment, negotiators with an understanding can decide large advantage at the bargaining table. Thus, the purpose throughout this thesis is to examine the experiences of business negotiations between Chinese and western from the perspective of etiquette differences. Regarding the etiquette differences even the cultural differences, it is necessary to put forward some suggestions in the international business negotiations. The opponents needs must be taken into account so that business negotiation can be successful. In international business negotiation, negotiators should respect the etiquette of the opposite side in the first place. Both Chiness and Western negotiators should use more from the other sides points of view, understand each others negotiating style, negotiating tactics, interests, preferences and interests of their best point. In short, as the global economic integration deepening, business competition becoming more and more intense. In the internetional business, due to the impact of Western cultural differences at the negotiating table with their respective negotiating style shows a great difference. Therefore, understanding the differences between Chinese and Western business etiquette will help us find constructive channels of communication and make the full use of the advantages and overcome some of weaknesses. Try to manage the negotiation process, grasp the direction and progress of the negotiations, which is both Chiness and Western negotiators should be attention.

Starbucks Coffee Shop Essay -- Starbucks Coffee Business Essays

Starbucks Coffee Shop When you walk in a Starbucks coffee shop the amazing aroma of coffee beans being brewed creates a smell so wonderful you can almost taste your favorite coffee or espresso drink; even before you have the drink in your hand. The sound of steaming milk and blenders full of Frapachinoes echoes through the air. Five people in green aprons wearing black or white collared shirts working swiftly, to ensure the quickest best service as possible. The two Baristas at the cash registers would call out the drinks to the two people at the bar. One employee doing odd jobs call expediting. A tall, slender dark haired man wearing a black suit possibly Armoni or Gucci, carrying a briefcase approaches register one. A trendy mom with a 5 year old wearing black capri pants, white blouse, and designer sunglasses orders Grande, non-fat, extra hot, one equal late at register two. The floor is so clean you could even eat off of it. The jazzy interior screams to be that of an Italian cafà ©. This appeared to be an ideal environment to sit and enjoy your beverage and possibly a pastr...