BP Pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BP Pipeline - Essay Example Micro economics involves policies for enhancing equity and efficiency in the economy via the judicial and the regulatory mechanism. Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is one of the mostly used concepts in economics. The opportunity cost is the highest valued alternative of something that must be forgone when making a choice. Thus it can be defined as the cost paid when something is given up in order to get something else. Assessing opportunity cost of any event is important in establishing the real cost of any action. BP pipeline should consider the opportunity cost of constructing a pipeline in order to reduce shipping through road transport as suggested by Mankiw (2011). As the company sets its various routes on the table it has to consider the concept of opportunity cost thus assessing why a given route is preferred over the other. Budget Deficit Budget deficit refers to the amount by which a company or government expenses exceed its income for a given period of time as suggested b y Dyker (1992). Budget deficit is major point of controversy in BP Pipeline Company given the various expenses the company has suffered due to oil spills. As a result, Congressional republicans are against the tougher oil and gas pipeline safety standards as they are bound to hinder economic growth. This is following the frequent budget deficits that the BP pipeline company has suffered. For instance BP’s latest incidences of oil spills have left the republicans devastated as their contra regulation arguments have been curtailed. This has resulted in the incurrence of huge budget deficits and the republicans and the house representatives have proposed bills to reduce the budget deficits faced by EPA due to such oil pollution. This will lead to a situation where BP pipeline will compensate EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in case they experience oil spills Leading to a higher budget deficit for BP pipeline . Although BP has proofed successful in stalking the waste, the in creasing spending in compensation of damages caused by the spills largely increases its budget deficit. In addition BP is bound to suffer cost of repair and clean-up operations liabilities thus increasing the company’s deficit spending. However BP has promised that everyone affected by spills will be compensated. The Company has thus signed several agreements with local municipalities and shrimpers following the spill effect. It is no doubt thus BP pipeline has suffered huge budget deficits which are affecting the countries economy to a great extend. National Debt National debt is also referred to as government or public debt and it is the money owed by the central government. In the United States national debt can also refer to a municipal or local government debt. National debt reflects on all government liabilities such as pension payment as well as payment for goods and services received and not yet paid according to Cavanaugh (1996). In many cases government tend to borr ow funds in a currency with strong command for debt security. National debt can be caused by various aspects such government spending on disaster like the BP oil spill. Following the Alaska oil spill by the Bp pipeline company, the government has suffered great losses which have led to national debt. As a result, the central gover

Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Dissertation

Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Industry) - Dissertation Example This concern can be stated as quite vital for the oil and gas companies as the products offered by the industry is termed to be inelastic providing minimum opportunity to the customers to switch to substitute products (Slocum, 2006). The research study proposed in this paper shall emphasise on this aspect of quality assurance and control measures as considered by the oil and gas companies. Further description of this paper will thereby focus on identifying the particulars of the research process intended to be executed. In other words, a comprehensive and detailed outline of the research planning shall be provided in this paper with due consideration to the research problem, research questions and the research methodology to be followed in the study. II. Literature Review Various measures had been considered in concern to the aspect of quality assurance and control in the oil and gas companies. These include environmental regulations and procurement rules imposed by the government wi th the intention to standardise the operations of the industry players. ... Companies should also intend maintaining a community standard in their operations as directed in the programme (Gao, 1998). In the current day context, gas and oil industry plays a significant role for an economy. The industry nearly contributed 24% to the total GDP earning of the UK in 2008. The industry also witnessed a significant rise in the investors’ interest. This in turn significantly enhanced the profitability of major industry players with inelastic consumer demand and increased financial strength (UK National Statistics, 2009). However, from an in-depth perspective it can be observed that the taxation charges were increased in the recent years. To be illustrated, the budget planned in 2011 stated a hike in revenue tax charges from 20% in the prior fiscal year, i.e. 2010-2011, to 32% in the current fiscal year, i.e. 2011-2012. It is worth mentioning that the UK oil and gas industry was recognised to be one of the most stable industries in comparison to the energy ind ustries of other economies. With strong barriers to the price hike in the industry, the UK government also focussed on relatively secure tax regimes that provided the investors in the industry with certainty assurance (Energy and Climate Change Committee Inquiry, 2011). On the similar context, it can be stated that with strict regulatory barriers the oil and gas industry in the UK is likely to face various challenges in maintaining its profit. According to the report forwarded by Energy and Climate Change Committee (2011), there are various challenges likely to be faced by the oil and gas industry in the economy due to the increase in tax charges. For instance, the industry is likely to witness decelerated investment operations that in turn shall

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating

Effect of Potential Difference on Copper Coating Design Research Question: What affect does the potential difference (V) across the circuit has on the copper coating on an iron metal? Hypothesis: My hypothesis is based on the Ohm’s Law which states V = IR, where V is the potential difference across the circuit and ‘I’ is the current present in the circuit and ‘R’ is the resistance. (When ‘R’ is constant) The above equation states that as the current increases, the electron flow will also increase. Thus increasing the potential difference across the circuit which in turn increases the copper coating on iron metal. Variables: Independent Variable: Potential difference Dependent Variable: Change in mass Control Variable: Concentration of the electrolyte Resistance of the circuit Temperature Distance between the electrodes Materials Required: Voltmeter (0.2 V) Ammeter (0.1 mA) Copper Plate Sand paper Iron nail Rheostat Connecting Wires Electrolyte (1M CuSO4 solution) Beaker Alligator Clips Weighing Scale (0.01 g) Diagram of the experiment: Procedure: Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram above. Take a sand paper and remove the rust from iron nail. Now place the iron nail on a weighing scale to get its weight. The iron nail should be now attached as the anode The potential difference should be kept as 1V Pour the electrolyte into a beaker and dip the iron nail into it for about 10mins. After 10mins, remove the iron nail and dry it. Repeat the above procedure for V = 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Steps (1-8) should be repeated twice. Process the obtained data and record the observations. How to control the Control Variables: To control the concentration of electrolyte, make sure that the same electrolyte is used throughout the experiment. Resistance should be kept constant for the Hypothesis to be true, and for this a rheostat is used in the experiment by which resistance can be controlled. The experiment will be performed in a closed lab environment to ensure that the conditions of the equipment are not affected by changing atmospheric conditions. The distance between the electrodes should be kept constant because if the electrodes are not kept in a constant position, the rate of transfer of electrons will increase hence the mass deposited will also increase. Data Control and Processing Raw Data Table:- The Raw Data Table consists of the data obtained from two trials and is shown below in a tabular form Table 1 Table 2 Qualitative Observation: Reddish-Brown coating on the iron nail when it is dipped in the electrolyte. When the current is passed, due to the flow of electrons from anode to cathode, the copper coating thickens as if it is trying to displace the iron. The iron nail becomes blunt due to the heavy deposition of copper. After taking down the readings and noting the associated qualitative data, the raw data table is now processed and the data is represented graphically so that a better analysis could be done. Processed Data Table: The processed Data table consists of two tables showing the change in mass after the data is obtained. A graphical representation of the data is also done. Processed Table 1: Change in Mass was calculated by subtracting the initial mass from the final mass, For V = 1.0  ± 0.1, Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.596g – 1.560g = 0.036g Similarly, Change in Mass was calculated for different Potential difference shown in the table. Processed Table 2: Similarly for this table, For V = 3.0  ± 0.1 Change in mass (ΔM) = Final Mass – Initial Mass = 1.889 – 1.797 = 0.092g Graphical Representation: Trial 1 The above graph shows the relationship between Change in mass and Potential Difference. The obtained graph resembles a linear graph and the error bars are plotted. A trend line is also made to pass through all obtained values. From the analysis of the graph of Trial 1, it can be observed that as the Potential difference increases the change in mass also increases which means that the amount of copper deposited increases with increasing potential difference. Similarly, graph for trial 2 is shown below, Graph 2 The graph obtained for Trial 2 also resembles a linear graph but there are some differences between the graph obtained for trial 1 and trial 2. As Potential difference across the circuit increases, the Change in mass also increases which means that the copper coating thickens with increasing Potential difference. Further Calculations are done to find the exact difference between both the trials, Calculations: For trial 1, The equation for the graph is y = 0.0296x + 0.005, Finding the slope of the above graph, m = 0.0296 Slope = 0.0296 gV-1 The slop obtained from differentiating the equation states that when 1V is increased, 0.0296 of Copper deposition takes place. This cycle continues for 1V increase. Calculating the moles of Copper, Moles = Moles = Moles = In Copper Sulphate, a +2 charge is present on Copper hence the required electrons will be as follows, Calculating the transfer of charge, Charge transferred = = 89.60 C Increase in the current = = 0.149 A For Trial 2, The equation of this graph is y = 0.03x + 0.0058 By differentiating the above equation, m = 0.03 gV-1 Calculating the moles of Copper, No. of moles = Mass à · Molar Mass Required amount of moles = = 9.44Ãâ€"10-4 mol at 1 p.d Calculating the transfer of Charge, Charge transfer = = 90.95 C Increase in the Current = 90.95 C à · 600s = 0.151 A Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion For Trial 1, The Charge transfer obtained is 89.60 C For Trial 2, The Charge transfer is 90.95 C The difference between both the charges = 90.95 – 89.60 = 1.35 C Uncertainty of the experiment cannot be found out because the slope of both the graphs are different. From the graph, it is seen that, Evaluation The major reason for this deviation from the trend line plotted in the graph indicates that the resistance was not controlled properly. The graph is plotted on the basis of the Ohm’s Law stating, when the Resistance ‘R’ is constant but in this experiment, both trial one and trial 2 have different value for Charge transfer thus it can be concluded that the experiment was not accurate because of the presence of fluctuating Resistance. Errors that may have occurred The major reason for the experiment going wrong was due to an improper rheostat. The rheostat didn’t have a proper grip between the coil and movable scale. The scale may not be properly attached to the coil hence leading to a deviation between the obtained values. While removing rust from the iron nail using a sand paper, it may have had happened that some amount of rust remained on the surface of the iron nail and was not removed due to ignorance. The experiment was performed for approximately 4 hours. The experiment on the whole was not performed on a single day and hence some discrepancies in the solution may have had happened. The instruments used maybe were not calibrated properly. Number of trials taken in the experiment is only two which is very less as it does not give a big picture of the errors occurred while performing the experiment. How to improve the experiment The experiment can be improved to a greater extent by using a rheostat which has a good grip between the coil and the moving scale. This can be done by checking the instruments before performing the experiment. A fresh iron nail should be taken for the experiment. If it is not taken, then due to carelessness, some rust may remain on the iron nail and at one point it will become so thick that removing it with a sand paper won’t be possible. The experiment should be conducted for a shorter period of time and should be performed on one day itself because if the solution is kept open, it may happen that the solution will degrade or will react with air. Instruments with proper least count should be taken to avoid any systematic error. A minimum of five trials should be taken to reach an accurate conclusion.

A Wrinkle In Time :: Wrinkle in Time Essays

A Wrinkle In Time A Wrinkle In Time is an example of great American literature. It is a plot-based novel with something always happening while an obstacle is standing in the way. Most of the conflict occurring in this book is person versus self and person versus supernatural. A certain aspect that is very prevalent in this book is love. This love takes the characters on the trip of a lifetime, for the sole purpose of finding her father. This love in the background is not known by the reader until the last few pages, and ends up encompassing and explaining the whole novel. Meg Murray, the protagonist and the person from whom the reader gets their point of view, is the main character. She has a little brother, Charles Wallace, and two twin brothers, Sandy and Denny. Her mother is a guiding figure within the story, and serves as her daughter Meg's source of ambition. We learn from reading the story that Meg's father disappears from an extremely secret scientific project, and is expected to return, but hasn't for several years. Meg can see the pain that her mother feels and the rest of the family also about the loss of their father, and wants to help find him. All the while, feelings are mutual that their father is living, but nobody knows for sure. Characters begin to develop, and we learn that Charles Wallace and Meg Murray are very close siblings, and Charles seems to have the ability to know whenever Meg or her mother is upset. He can also answer questions directed at him by his sister, but were not actually spoken, almost as if he can read their minds. None other than little Charles Wallace demonstrates the first example of love being expressed in this novel. During the dark and stormy night that starts the book, Meg becomes afraid of the wind and the thunder, and decides to go downstairs for a cup of cocoa. Charles Wallace is already awake and has warmed the milk for the chocolate. However, this is not the only thing done by little Charles Wallace. ""You put in more than twice enough milk." Meg peered into the saucepan. Charles Wallace nodded serenely. "I thought Mother might like some"" (L'Engle 8). He even makes sandwiches for both Mrs. Murray and Meg. Charles Wallace is only five years old, yet he knows when his sister is in need of companionship, and is happy to do things for Mrs.

Efficient use if paper rule Essay

Every page must be consecutively numbered. Sec. 5. Copies to be Filed. Unless otherwise directed by the court, the number of court†bound papers that a party is required or desires to file shall be as follows: In the Supreme Court, one original (properly marked) and our copies, unless the case is referred to the Court En Bane, in which event, the parties shall file ten additional copies. For the En Bane, the parties need to submit only two sets of annexes, one attached to the original and an extra copy. For the Division, the parties need to submit also two sets of annexes, one attached to the original and an extra copy. All members of the Court shall share the extra copies of annexes in the interest of economy of paper. Parties to cases before the Supreme Court are further required, on voluntary basis or the first six months following the effectivity of this Rule and compulsorily afterwards unless the period is extended, to submit, simultaneously with their court- bound papers, soft copies of the same and their annexes (the latter in PDF format) either by email to the Court’s e-mail address or by compact disc (CD). This requirement is in preparation for the eventual establishment of an e-flling paperless system in the Judiciary. b. In the Court of Appeals and the Sandiganbayan, one original (properly marked) and two copies with their annexes; In the Court of Tax Appeals, one original (properly marked) and two copies with annexes. On appeal to the En Bane, one original (properly marked) and eight copies with annexes; and d. In other courts, one original (properly marked) with the stated annexes attached to it. Sec. 6. Annexes Served on Adverse Party. – A party required by the rules to serve a copy of his court-bound paper on the adverse party need not enclose copies of those annexes that based on the record of the court such party already has in his possession .

Punctuation error in your writing. Essay

Making mistakes in subject-verb agreement has always been my weakness when it comes to the grammar of my writing. I keep on doing the same grammatical lapses again and again. There are several rules regarding subject-verb agreement, of course, and being ignorant of one or two of them is forgivable, but what is unforgivable if you know the rule and yet continue to make the same mistake. The simple rule which I keep slipping n is the agreement of subject and verb in terms of number, especially in a present tense sentence. The rule states that when the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. Inversely, when the subject is plural, the verb should also be plural. The difference between a singular and a plural verb is one letter â€Å"s† and oftentimes I would omit, usually unknowingly or by carelessness, putting that one letter. I have tried to correct the bad habit by being more conscious about my writing, during and after writing. While writing and every time I am to write an action word, I would constantly remind myself to look back to the subject of the verb. During revision of what I wrote, I would run through the entire piece with the one purpose of looking for subject-verb agreement mistakes. I would check for errors in punctuation, spelling, and style during the first revision, but focus on subject-verb agreement on the second run-through.

Animal Culling essays

Animal Culling essays Animal culling is the selective removal of animals so that some can live comfortably and reduce the amount of disease. Animal culling is often the answer to overpopulation. However, uncontrolled culling may lead to the endangerment to species and wildlife. The numerous kangaroos at Puckapunyal should be culled, as they are becoming a menace to the neighbouring Puckapunyal community. Dr Graeme Coulson, a kangaroo ecologist and senior lecturer in zoology in the University of Melbourne, said that, as a general rule, 100 kangaroos per square kilometre was a sign of trouble. The number is now reaching 200. If we do not control it, we get widespread land degradation and widespread plant biodiversity loss because the country gets overgrazed. Trapped inside the 18-metre electric fence that surrounds the 45 000-hectare site, the kangaroos have over bred, eaten themselves out of food and denuded the base of its native grasses. The Department of Natural Resources and Environment issued the Department of Defence a 3-month permit to cull the kangaroos. The RSPCA has backed the cull, saying thousands of kangaroos are in poor condition because of the lack of food caused by the drought in the area. A DNRE spokesman said the permit would be part of a long-term plan to manage the kangaroo population explosion. Mr Bracks said the cull was approved for the sole purpose of reducing the number of animals to stop most of them from dying of hunger this winter. National Farmers Federation president Ian Donges described the move to cull the kangaroos as eminently sensible in light of a recent rapid explosion in kangaroo numbers. Mr Donges said while farmers recognised the need for balance between sheep, cattle and kangaroos, in some cases, kangaroos were capable of causing tens of thousands of dollars worth of damage to farmers crops and fences. Local farmers complain that dry conditions are forcing the animals to invade the ...